Health Advice

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM

Find out about abdominal aortic aneurysm, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, how to lower your risk of getting one and what the causes are.

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM SCREENING

Find out who is offered abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) screening, why it’s done and what it involves.

ABORTION

Find out what an abortion involves, how you can get one on the NHS, and what support is available to help you make a decision.

ABSCESS

Read about skin abscesses and internal abscesses. An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection.

ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS

Acanthosis nigricans is the term for darkened, thickened patches of skin in the armpit and around the groin and neck. Find out about the main causes and treatments.

ACHALASIA

Read about achalasia, a disorder of the gullet (oesophagus) where it loses the ability to move food along. The valve at the end of the gullet also fails to open.

ACID AND CHEMICAL BURNS

Find out about first aid and treatment for acid and chemical burns, including burns from acid attacks.

ACNE

Acne is a common skin condition that affects most people at some point. It causes spots, oily skin and sometimes skin that’s hot or painful to touch.

ACOUSTIC NEUROMA (VESTIBULAR SCHWANNOMA)

An acoustic neuroma is a type of non-cancerous (benign) brain tumour. Find out about the symptoms, treatments and outlook for this condition.

ACROMEGALY

Find out about acromegaly, a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone causing tissue and bone to grow more quickly. Read about symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.

ACTINIC KERATOSES (SOLAR KERATOSES)

Find out more about actinic keratoses, which are patches of skin that have been damaged by the sun.

ACTINOMYCOSIS

Find out about actinomycosis, including how you get it, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and how to reduce your risk of getting it.

ACUPUNCTURE

Read about acupuncture, a treatment derived from ancient Chinese medicine in which fine needles are inserted at certain sites in the body to relieve or prevent health problems

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Read about acute cholecystitis, which is inflammation of the gallbladder. It usually occurs when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct.

ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is sudden damage to the kidneys that causes them to not work properly. It can range from minor loss of kidney function to complete kidney failure.

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a rare type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow.

ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA

Read about acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), an aggressive cancer of the myeloid cells. Information about signs and symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

Acute pancreatitis is a serious condition where the pancreas becomes inflamed over a short period of time.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

Find out about acute respiratory distress syndrome, including who’s at risk of getting it, the symptoms, how it’s treated and what causes it.

ADDISON’S DISEASE

Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenalism, is a rare disorder of the adrenal glands.

ADENOIDECTOMY

Read about an adenoidectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the adenoids. Find out what the adenoids do, when they need to be removed and how the procedure is done.

ADENOIDECTOMY

Find out what an adenoidectomy is, why it’s done, what happens during the operation and the possible complications.

ADENOMYOSIS

Find out about adenomyosis, including symptoms, what to do if you think you have it and how it’s treated.

AGE-RELATED CATARACTS

Read about age-related cataracts. In older people, changes can occur in the lens of the eye, making it less transparent and causing cloudy or misty vision.

AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (AMD)

Read more about age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which mainly affects people over 50 years of age and usually leads to a gradual loss of central vision.

AGORAPHOBIA

Read about agoraphobia, a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn’t be available if things go wrong.

AIR OR GAS EMBOLISM

An air or gas embolism is a serious problem that can happen to scuba divers and during some medical procedures. Read about the causes, symptoms and treatments.

ALBINISM

Albinism is an inherited condition that affects the production of melanin, the pigment that colours the skin, hair and eyes.

ALCOHOL MISUSE

Alcohol misuse is where a person consumes excessive amounts of alcoholic drinks.

ALCOHOL POISONING

Find out about alcohol poisoning, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you or someone else has it, what the treatments are and what causes it.

ALCOHOL-RELATED LIVER DISEASE

Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) refers to liver damage caused by excess alcohol intake. There are several stages of severity and a range of associated symptoms.

ALEXANDER TECHNIQUE

The Alexander technique teaches improved posture and movement, which is believed to help reduce and prevent problems caused by unhelpful habits.

ALKAPTONURIA

Read about alkaptonuria, or “black urine disease”, a rare inherited disorder that can turn urine and parts of the body a dark colour and lead to other problems.

ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Find out about allergic rhinitis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

ALLERGIES

Find out about allergies, including typical symptoms, common allergies, when to get emergency medical help and allergy testing and treatments.

ALTITUDE SICKNESS

NHS information about altitude sickness, including symptoms, treatment and how to prevent it.

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. Dementia is a group of symptoms associated with a decline in the way your brain functions, affecting your memory and the way you behave.

AMNIOCENTESIS

Read about amniocentesis, a diagnostic test carried out during pregnancy to assess whether your baby could develop a genetic or chromosomal condition.

AMPUTATION

Information about amputation, including why and how it’s carried out, recovery and rehabilitation, prosthetics, stump care and possible complications.

AMYLOIDOSIS

Find out about amyloidosis, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it’s treated.

ANABOLIC STEROID MISUSE

Read about anabolic steroids, which are prescription-only medicines that are sometimes taken without medical advice to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance.

ANAESTHESIA

Find out about different types of anaesthetics, how they work, and the potential side effects. Also, read about the role of the anaesthetist.

ANAL CANCER

Find out about anal cancer, including common symptoms and treatments.

ANAL FISSURE

Read about anal fissures and the importance of seeing a GP. Also, read about the symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention of anal fissures.

ANAL FISTULA

Find out what an anal fistula is, including information about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

ANAL PAIN

Find out what causes anal pain, what you can do to ease the pain and when to get medical help.

ANAPHYLAXIS

NHS information about anaphylaxis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatment and prevention.

ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME

Find out about androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a rare condition that affects the development of a person’s genitals and reproductive organs.

ANGELMAN SYNDROME

Read about Angelman syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects the nervous system and causes severe physical and intellectual disability

ANGINA

Read more about angina, which is a type of chest pain caused by not enough blood going to the muscles of the heart. It usually happens when the arteries supplying the heart become hardened and narrowed.

ANGIOEDEMA

Find out what angioedema is, what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it’s treated.

ANGIOGRAPHY

Find out why angiography is used, what happens during the procedure, and the possible risks involved. Also, read about the different types of angiography.

ANIMAL AND HUMAN BITES

Find out what to do if you’ve been bitten by an animal or person, including first aid advice, when to get medical help and what treatment you may need.

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Read about ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and other types of axial spondyloarthritis, a long-term (chronic) condition in which the spine and other areas of the body become inflamed.

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Find out what anorexia nervosa is, what causes it, the signs to look out for, and the treatment and support available.

ANOSMIA

Anosmia is the medical term for loss of the sense of smell. It’s usually caused by a nasal condition or brain injury, but some people are born without a sense of smell (congenital anosmia)

ANTACIDS

Find out about antacids, a type of medicine used to control the acid levels in the stomach.

ANTIBIOTICS

Find out about antibiotics, which are used to treat or prevent some types of bacterial infection.

ANTICOAGULANT MEDICINES

Anticoagulants are medicines that reduce the ability of the blood to clot. Read about why they’re used, how you take them and what you need to bear in mind while taking them.

ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Antidepressants are a type of medication used to treat clinical depression or prevent it recurring. They can also be used to treat some other conditions.

ANTIFUNGAL MEDICINES

Find out about antifungal medicines, which are used to treat fungal infections such as thrush and athlete’s foot.

ANTIHISTAMINES

Antihistamines are a type of medicine often used to treat allergies. Find out about the different types, who can take them and what side effects they can cause.

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME (APS)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes syndrome, is a disorder of the immune system that causes an increased risk of blood clots.

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

Find out what antisocial personality disorder is, what the signs are, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

ANXIETY DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

Read about anxiety disorders in children and teenagers, with links to other useful resources.

AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT

Read about aortic valve replacement, a type of open heart surgery that replaces faulty or or damaged valves.

APHASIA

Read about aphasia, where a person has problems communicating. Find out about the types of aphasia, what causes it, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

APPENDICITIS

Find out about appendicitis, a painful swelling of the appendix, including what causes it, when to get medical help and how the appendix is surgically removed (appendicectomy or appendectomy).

ARRHYTHMIA

Arrhythmias or heart rhythm problems are experienced by more than 2 million people in the UK. Most people with an abnormal heart rhythm can lead a normal life if it is properly diagnosed.

ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS

Arterial thrombosis is a blood clot in an artery. Find out why it happens and how it is treated.

ARTHRITIS

Read about arthritis, a common condition that causes pain and inflammation in a joint. Although there’s no cure, treatment can help slow it down.

ARTHROSCOPY

Read about arthroscopy, a type of keyhole surgery used to diagnose and sometimes treat joint problems. Keyhole surgery is where only small cuts are made.

ASBESTOSIS

Asbestosis is a serious lung condition caused by exposure to asbestos – a building material used mostly from the 1950s to the 1990s.

ASPERGILLOSIS

Find out more about aspergillosis, the name of a group of conditions caused by a mould called aspergillus.

ASPIRIN

Find out about aspirin, including what it’s used for, who can take it, and what the main side effects are.

ASTHMA

Find out what asthma is, what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it’s treated.

ASTIGMATISM

Read about astigmatism, a common and usually minor condition of the eye that causes blurred or distorted vision. Find out what the symptoms and treatments are.

ATAXIA

Ataxia is the term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech. Find out about the main types, what causes them, and how they’re treated.

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Find out more about atherosclerosis, what the symptoms are, how you can help stop it getting worse, how it’s treated and what causes it.

ATHLETE’S FOOT

Read about athlete’s foot, a common fungal infection of the foot. Find out about the symptoms, what causes it, and how it’s treated.

ATOPIC ECZEMA

Read about atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis), a condition that causes the skin to become itchy, dry, cracked and sore.

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Read about atrial fibrillation, which is a heart condition that causes an irregular and often abnormally fast heart rate.

ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

Read about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a condition that affects people’s behaviour.

AUDITORY PROCESSING DISORDER (APD)

Find out about auditory processing disorder, a condition where you have difficulty understanding sounds including spoken words.

AUTISM

This guide can help if you or someone you care about is autistic or might be autistic.

AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Find out about autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), an inherited condition that causes small fluid-filled sacs called cysts to develop in the kidneys.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is a rare inherited childhood condition where the development of the kidneys and liver is abnormal.

BABY

This guide includes everything you need to know about caring for a baby.

BACK PAIN

Find out how to relieve back pain, what can cause it, and when to get medical advice.

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

Read about bacterial vaginosis (BV), a common cause of unusual vaginal discharge. BV is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

BAD BREATH

Find out what causes bad breath (halitosis), how to treat and prevent it, and when to get medical advice.

BAKER’S CYST

Find out what a Baker’s cyst is, what causes it, how it’s treated and when to see your GP.

BALANITIS

Read about balanitis, which is where the head of the penis is swollen and sore. Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and when to get medical help.

BARIUM ENEMA

Read about having a barium enema, including what you need to do to prepare, what happens during the test, and what happens afterwards.

BARTHOLIN’S CYST

Find out what a Bartholin’s cyst is, what the symptoms and causes are, and the possible treatment options.

BEDBUGS

Find out about bedbugs, including checking if you have them, how to get rid of them and how to treat bedbug bites.

BEDWETTING IN CHILDREN

Find out what you can do about bedwetting, what could be causing it and when to get medical help.

BEHÇET’S DISEASE

Read about Behçet’s disease, a rare and poorly understood condition in which blood vessels and tissues may become inflamed (swollen).

BELL’S PALSY

Find out more about Bell’s palsy, a condition that causes temporary weakness or paralysis of the muscles on 1 side of the face.

BENIGN BRAIN TUMOUR (NON-CANCEROUS)

Information about benign (non-cancerous) brain tumours, including types of tumour, when to see a GP, causes, treatment and recovery.

BENIGN PROSTATE ENLARGEMENT

Read about benign prostate enlargement (BPE), also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is a common condition in men over 50 years of age.

BETA BLOCKERS

Read about a group of medicines called beta blockers, including what they’re used for, side effects and what to do if you miss a dose or take too much.

BILE DUCT CANCER (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA)

Find out about bile duct cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, how it’s diagnosed and treated, and where to get further support.

BINGE EATING DISORDER

Read about binge eating disorder, which is when a person feels compelled to overeat on a regular basis. Find out about the symptoms, treatments and possible causes.

BIOLOGICAL AND BIOSIMILAR MEDICINES (BIOSIMILARS)

Read about biological medicines, which are used to treat some long-term medical conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, uveitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis.

BIOPSY

Find out more about having a biopsy, which involves taking a small sample of body tissue so it can be examined under a microscope.

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a condition that affects your moods, which can swing from one extreme to another.

BIRD FLU

Bird flu, or avian flu, is an infectious viral illness that spreads among birds. In rare cases, it can affect humans.

BIRTHMARKS

Find out about birthmarks, including information about 6 of the main types, when to see a GP, and whether or not treatment is needed.

BLACK EYE

Find out more about a black eye, which is bruising and swelling around your eye, usually caused by a blow.

BLADDER CANCER

Bladder cancer is where a growth of abnormal tissue, known as a tumour, develops in the bladder lining. In some cases, the tumour spreads into the surrounding muscles.

BLADDER PAIN SYNDROME (INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS)

Find out about bladder pain syndrome (BPS), also called interstitial cystitis, where you have pelvic pain and problems peeing.

BLADDER STONES

Read about bladder stones and what causes them. Also, find out when to see a GP and how bladder stones are treated.

BLEEDING FROM THE BOTTOM (RECTAL BLEEDING)

Bleeding from the bottom (rectal bleeding) is often seen as small amounts of bright-red blood on toilet paper or pink water in the toilet. Find out when to get medical help if you keep bleeding from your bottom.

BLEPHARITIS

NHS information about blepharitis, including the symptoms, when to get medical help and what you can do to treat and prevent it.

BLINDNESS AND VISION LOSS

Information for people with vision loss including details of support organisations, plus advice about specialist equipment, home modifications and mobility.

BLISTERS

NHS information about blisters, including how to treat blisters yourself, how to avoid getting them, and when to get medical help.

BLOATING

Find out about common causes of bloating, what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

BLOOD CLOTS

Read about blood clots, their symptoms, when to get help and how to prevent them.

BLOOD GROUPS

Find out about blood groups. There are 4 main blood groups – A, B, AB and O.

BLOOD IN SEMEN

Find out about possible causes of blood in semen and when to get medical help.

BLOOD IN URINE

Find out about blood in urine (pee). It’s not usually anything serious, but sometimes it can be, so you must get it checked out by a GP.

BLOOD PRESSURE TEST

Find out why a blood pressure test is important, how it’s done and what your blood pressure reading might mean.

BLOOD TESTS

Find out about blood tests, including why they’re done, how to prepare, what happens at the test, and when you’ll get your results.

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Find out about blood transfusions, including when you might need one, how they’re carried out and associated risks.

BLUE OR GREY SKIN OR LIPS (CYANOSIS)

Find out about blue or grey skin or lips (cyanosis), including what it looks like, what causes it and when to get it checked.

BLUSHING

Find out how to stop yourself blushing and read about the possible causes and treatments.

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER (BDD)

NHS information and advice about body dysmorphic disorder (BDD or body dysmorphia), including what the symptoms are and what can help.

BODY ODOUR (BO)

NHS information and advice about how to treat body odour, including when to see a GP if the problem persists.

BODY PIERCING

Information and about body piercing, including self care advice, symptoms of infection, finding a reputable piercer, and the potential risks.

BOILS

Read more about boils and carbuncles, which are red, painful lumps on the skin that are usually caused by a bacterial infection.

BONE CANCER

Find out more about primary bone cancer, a rare type of cancer that begins in the bones. Around 550 new cases are diagnosed each year in the UK.

BONE CYST

Find out NHS information about bone cysts, including how they’re treated and what causes them.

BONE DENSITY SCAN (DEXA SCAN)

A DEXA scan is a type of X-ray that measures bone mineral density (BMD). It’s also known as a DXA, dual X-ray absorptiometry, a bone density scan or a bone densitometry scan.

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

Read about borderline personality disorder. Personality disorders can cause a range of distressing symptoms and patterns of abnormal behaviour.

BORNHOLM DISEASE

Read about the symptoms of Bornholm disease, how it’s spread, how it’s diagnosed and treated, and the possible complications.

BOTULISM

Find out about botulism, a rare but life-threatening condition caused by toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria.

BOWEL CANCER

Bowel cancer is cancer found anywhere in the large bowel, which includes the colon and rectum. It’s one of the most common types of cancer in the UK.

BOWEL CANCER SCREENING

Information on bowel cancer screening with links to other useful resources.

BOWEL INCONTINENCE

Read about bowel incontinence, including the symptoms, what causes it and the treatments available.

BOWEL POLYPS

Find out about bowel (colonic) polyps, which are small growths on the inner lining of the bowel. There are often no symptoms but should usually be removed.

BOWEN’S DISEASE

Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments for Bowen’s disease, a very early and easily treatable form of skin cancer.

BRACES AND ORTHODONTICS

Find out about braces and orthodontics, including how much they cost on the NHS or privately, and how to care for your teeth while wearing braces.

BRAIN ABSCESS

A brain abscess is a pus-filled swelling in the brain. It’s a rare and life-threatening condition, usually caused by infection or a severe head injury.

BRAIN ANEURYSM

Find out what a brain aneurysm is, including why they develop, who’s affected, how they’re treated and how to prevent them.

BRAIN DEATH

Brain stem death is where a person no longer has any brain stem functions, and has permanently lost the potential for consciousness and the capacity to breathe.

BRAIN TUMOURS

A brain tumour is a growth of cells in the brain that multiplies in an abnormal, uncontrollable way. Find out about its symptoms and how it’s treated.

BREAST ABSCESS

Find out about breast abscesses, including what the symptoms are, where to get help, how they are treated and what causes them.

BREAST CANCER IN MEN

Breast cancer is cancer that’s found in the breasts or breast tissue in the chest. Anyone can get it, including men.

BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN

Read about breast cancer in women, the most common type of cancer in the UK, including information on symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN

Breast cancer is cancer that’s found in the breasts. It’s the most common type of cancer in women in the UK. Anyone can get breast cancer.

BREAST CANCER SCREENING

Breast screening aims to find breast cancers early. It uses an X-ray test called a mammogram that can spot cancers when they are too small to see or feel.

BREAST LUMPS

Find out about breast lumps. They can have a lot of different causes and most are harmless. But always see a GP if you have a lump in your breast or any unusual changes to your breasts.

BREAST PAIN

Find out about breast pain and what can cause it. It’s usually linked to periods but can also be caused by injury, infection and taking certain medicines.

BREAST REDUCTION ON THE NHS

Find out whether you might be eligible for breast reduction surgery on the NHS and what to do if you think you might qualify.

BREAST SCREENING (MAMMOGRAM)

NHS breast screening uses X-rays, called mammograms, to look for cancers that are too small to see or feel.

BREATH-HOLDING IN BABIES AND CHILDREN

Find out about breath-holding in babies and children, including when to get medical help, what happens during an episode and what to do.

BREATH-HOLDING SPELLS IN CHILDREN

Read about breath-holding spells in children, including the two different types, how to distinguish between them, and what to do if your child has a breath-holding episode.

BROKEN ANKLE

Find out how to tell if your ankle is broken (fractured) and when to get medical advice, plus how a broken ankle is treated and how long it takes to heal.

BROKEN ARM OR WRIST

Find out how to tell if you have a broken arm or wrist, where to get medical help and how long it takes to heal.

BROKEN COLLARBONE

Find out how to tell if you have a broken collarbone, where to get medical help and how long it takes to heal.

BROKEN FINGER OR THUMB

Find out how to tell if you have a broken finger or thumb, what you should do, and how long it takes to heal.

BROKEN HIP

NHS information about broken hip (hip fracture) including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and recovery.

BROKEN LEG

Read about the signs of a broken leg, what you should do if you think someone has broken their leg, how a broken leg is treated and how long it takes to recover.

BROKEN NOSE

Find out about the signs of a broken nose, how to look after your nose at home and when you should seek medical advice.

BROKEN OR BRUISED RIBS

Find out about how long it takes injured ribs to heal, how to look after yourself until you’re feeling better, and when you should get medical advice.

BROKEN TOE

Find out about the symptoms of a broken toe, when you should get medical advice, and how to look after it at home.

BRONCHIECTASIS

Read about bronchiectasis, which is a long-term condition where the airways of the lungs become widened. This leads to a build-up of excess mucus that can make the lungs more vulnerable to infection.

BRONCHIOLITIS

Find out more about bronchiolitis, including the symptoms, how it’s treated, and what causes it.

BRONCHITIS

Find out about bronchitis, what the symptoms are, how you can ease the symptoms, where to get help, and how it is treated.

BRONCHODILATORS

Read about bronchodilators, a medication used to treat asthma and COPD by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the airways (bronchi).

BRUCELLOSIS

Find out about brucellosis, including symptoms, what to do if you have it and treatments.

BRUGADA SYNDROME

Find out about Brugada syndrome, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it’s treated.

BULGING EYES (EXOPHTHALMOS)

Find out what can cause the eye to bulge and what treatments may help.

BULIMIA

Read about bulimia nervosa, an eating disorder and mental health condition where someone is binge eating, then making themselves vomit or using laxatives to purge the food from their body.

BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID

Read about bullous pemphigoid, a rare skin condition that usually starts with an itchy, raised skin rash and then as the condition develops, large blisters can form.

BUNIONS

NHS information about bunions, including symptoms, how they’re treated and how to help prevent them.

BURNS AND SCALDS

Burns and scalds are damage to the skin caused by heat. Both are treated in the same way.

BURSITIS

NHS information about bursitis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatments and prevention.

COVID-19

Get NHS advice about COVID-19, including its symptoms, looking after yourself at home, how to avoid catching and spreading it, treatments, vaccinations and long-term effects.

CT SCAN

Find out more about why CT scans are done and what happens before, during and after the scan.

CAESAREAN SECTION

Find out why caesarean sections are carried out, whether you can ask for one, what they involve, and what the risks are.

CANCER

Read about cancer, a condition where cells in a part of the body reproduce uncontrollably. Cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue.

CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING

Find out about carbon monoxide poisoning, what the symptoms are, what to do if you have it, what causes it, how it is treated, and how to prevent it.

CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) TEST

Find out what a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test is, why it’s used and when it’s carried out.

CARDIAC CATHETERISATION AND CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY

Find out about cardiac catheterisation, an invasive diagnostic procedure that provides important information about the structure and function of the heart.

CARDIOMYOPATHY

Find out about cardiomyopathy, a general term for diseases of the heart muscle, where the walls of the heart chambers have become stretched, thickened or stiff.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

Find out what cardiovascular disease (CVD) is, what problems it can cause, why it happens and how you can reduce your risk.

CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY

A carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to unblock a carotid artery. The carotid arteries are the main blood vessels that supply blood to the brain, face and neck.

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME

Read about carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), which causes pain and tingling in your hand when there’s pressure on a nerve in your wrist. Find out what causes it and how to treat it.

CARTILAGE DAMAGE

Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments for cartilage damage, and when you should seek medical attention.

CATARACT SURGERY

Read about cataract surgery, a procedure to treat cataracts, where changes in the lens of the eye cause cloudy, blurry, or misty vision.

CATARRH

Find out about catarrh, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to help ease it, when to get medical help, and treatments that may be recommended.

CAVERNOMA

Find out what a cavernoma is, what symptoms it can cause, the importance of closely monitoring symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and treatment options.

CAVERNOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS

Read about cavernous sinus thrombosis, which is a blood clot in the cavernous sinuses that can be life-threatening.

CELLULITIS

Cellulitis is a potentially serious infection in the deeper layers of your skin. Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and possible complications.

CEREBRAL PALSY

Find out about cerebral palsy, including the symptoms, causes, when to get medical advice, how it’s treated and what the outlook is.

CERVICAL CANCER

Read about cervical cancer, which is found anywhere in the cervix (the opening between the vagina and the womb).

CERVICAL RIB

Find out about cervical rib, an extra rib that forms above the first rib. It does not usually cause problems, but sometimes it can lead to neck and shoulder pain, which spreads to the arm.

CERVICAL SCREENING

Cervical screening, which used to be called smear test, is a test to check the health of the cervix and help prevent cervical cancer. It’s offered to women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 64.

CERVICAL SPONDYLOSIS

Find out about cervical spondylosis, which is the medical term for neck pain caused by age-related “wear and tear” to bones in the neck area of the spine and the soft cushions of tissue (discs) in the neck.

CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited conditions that cause nerve damage, leading to muscle weakness and numbness

CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME

NHS information about Charles Bonnet syndrome, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

CHEMOTHERAPY

There are different types of chemotherapy medicines, but they all work in a similar way. They stop cancer cells reproducing, which prevents them from growing and spreading in the body.

CHEST INFECTION

Read about chest infections, including the symptoms, what you can do to treat it yourself, and how a pharmacist and GP can help. A chest infection will usually get better on its own in about 7 to 10 days.

CHEST PAIN

Find out what could be causing your chest pain and if you need to go to hospital or see a GP.

CHIARI MALFORMATION

Find out what a Chiari malformation is, what problems it may cause, why it happens and how it can be treated.

CHICKENPOX

Chickenpox is a very contagious infection that causes an itchy, spotty rash. Read NHS information about chickenpox symptoms and when to get medical advice.

CHILBLAINS

NHS information about chilblains, including symptoms, causes and how to treat them yourself.

CHILDHOOD CATARACTS

Find out about childhood cataracts which occur when changes in the lens of a child’s eye cause it to become less transparent, resulting in blurred or misty vision.

CHIPPED, BROKEN OR CRACKED TOOTH

Find out how a dentist can treat a chipped, broken or cracked tooth.

CHIROPRACTIC

Find out what chiropractic is, how you can get it on the NHS or privately, and what the treatment involves.

CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Find out who is most at risk, where to get tested, and how it’s treated.

CHOLERA

Read about cholera, a potentially fatal bacterial infection caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

CHOLESTEATOMA

A cholesteatoma is an uncommon abnormal collection of skin cells inside your ear.

CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING

Read about why chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is offered during pregnancy, how it’s carried out, and what the benefits and risks are.

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Find out what chronic kidney disease (CKD) is, including what the symptoms are, how it’s diagnosed and how it can be treated.

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKAEMIA

Find out about chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), a rare type of blood cancer, including the symptoms and how it’s treated.

CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKAEMIA

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a rare type of cancer that affects the bone marrow and white blood cells.

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Find out what chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is, what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it’s treated.

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

Chronic pancreatitis is a condition where repeated inflammation permanently damages the pancreas.

CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

Find out about chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a type of brain condition that slowly gets worse over time and leads to dementia.

CIRCUMCISION IN BOYS

Read about circumcision in boys, including why it’s carried out, medical reasons for circumcision, what the procedure involves, recovery and risks.

CIRCUMCISION IN MEN

Read about the medical reasons why circumcision in men may be necessary and what happens before, during and after the procedure.

CIRRHOSIS

Cirrhosis is scarring of the liver caused by long-term liver damage. The scar tissue prevents the liver working properly.

CLAUSTROPHOBIA

Read about claustrophobia, including common triggers, physical and psychological symptoms, causes and treatment, plus help and support.

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

Find out about cleft lip and palate, where a baby is born with a gap in their upper lip and/or the roof of their mouth.

CLINICAL DEPRESSION

Read about depression, including how to tell if you’re depressed, the treatments for different severities of depression, and how making lifestyle changes can help.

CLINICAL TRIALS

Information about clinical trials and how to join one.

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE (C. DIFF) INFECTION

Find out about Clostridium difficile (C. diff), including what the symptoms are, who’s most at risk and how it’s treated.

CLUB FOOT

Find out about clubfoot (also called talipes), which is where the foot turns in, and how it’s usually easy to treat.

CLUSTER HEADACHES

Find out about cluster headaches, which are severe attacks of pain on 1 side of the head, including the symptoms, when to get medical help and how they’re treated.

COATED OR WHITE TONGUE

The tongue appears white or pale yellow and coated when the surface is colonised by bacteria or fungi, and dead cells become trapped between the small nodules on the tongue.

COCCYDYNIA (TAILBONE PAIN)

Find out about coccydynia (tailbone pain), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical advice, why it happens and how it’s treated.

COELIAC DISEASE

Find out about coeliac disease, an autoimmune disease affecting the digestive system that makes a person have an adverse reaction to gluten.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT)

Read about cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), a talking therapy that can help you manage your problems by changing the way you think and behave.

COLD SORES

Find out about cold sores, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how to treat them.

COLIC

Find out about colic, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to help soothe your baby, and when to get medical help.

COLONOSCOPY

Find out what a colonoscopy is, why it’s done, what happens on the day and what the results mean.

COLOSTOMY

Find out about having a colostomy, including when it’s needed, how it’s carried out and recovery, plus information and advice about living with a colostomy.

COLOUR VISION DEFICIENCY (COLOUR BLINDNESS)

Find out about colour vision deficiency (colour blindness), what the symptoms are, where to get help, what the tests are, the causes, and the treatments.

COLPOSCOPY

Find out what a colposcopy is, what it is for, what happens on the day and what the results mean.

COMA

Read about what a coma is, how someone in a coma will be looked after, what you can do to help, and what happens when someone recovers from a coma.

COMMON COLD

Find out about the common cold, including what the symptoms are, how it’s spread, how it’s treated, and how you can prevent it.

COMPARTMENT SYNDROME

Find out what compartment syndrome is, what the symptoms are, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is treatment that falls outside of mainstream healthcare.

COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME

Find out about complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a poorly understood condition where a person experiences persistent severe and debilitating pain.

CONCUSSION

Find out about concussion, a temporary injury to the brain, and what to do if you think you or someone in your care has it.

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Find out about the different types of congenital heart disease, why it happens, the signs and symptoms and how it’s treated.

CONJUNCTIVITIS

Conjunctivitis is where your eyes are red and sore. Read about what causes conjunctivitis, how to prevent it and how to treat it.

CONSENT TO TREATMENT

Find out what consent is, how it can be given, when it’s needed, as well as situations when it’s not needed.

CONSTIPATION

Constipation is common and it affects people of all ages. You can usually treat it at home with simple changes to your diet and lifestyle.

CONTACT DERMATITIS

Read about contact dermatitis, a type of eczema that causes inflammation of the skin when you come into contact with a particular substance.

CORNEA TRANSPLANT

Read about cornea transplants, where surgery is used to remove all or part of a damaged cornea and replace it with healthy cornea tissue from a donor.

CORNS AND CALLUSES

NHS information about corns and calluses, including symptoms, causes and how to treat them.

CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY AND STENT INSERTION

Find out about coronary angioplasty, a procedure used to widen blocked or narrowed coronary arteries.

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT

Find out why a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) may be needed, what it involves, how long it takes to recover and the associated risks.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Find out about coronary heart disease (CHD), including the main symptoms, causes, treatments and prevention. CHD is a major cause of death in the UK and worldwide.

CORONAVIRUS (2019-NCOV)

NHS advice about coronavirus (2019-nCoV), including what the risk in the UK is, how to reduce your chances of getting it and what to do if you could be affected.

CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)

Get NHS advice about COVID-19, including symptoms, testing, vaccination and staying at home.

CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION

Read about corticobasal degeneration (CBD), a rare condition where brain cells become damaged over time and certain sections of the brain start to shrink.

COSMETIC PROCEDURES

This guide is for people looking for information about a cosmetic procedure.

COSTOCHONDRITIS

Find out about costochondritis, including what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, what the treatments are and what causes it.

COUGH

Read about coughs, including what you can do to ease a cough, help from a pharmacist and when to see a GP.

COUGHING UP BLOOD (BLOOD IN PHLEGM)

Read about coughing up blood, including what can cause it and when to get medical help.

COUNSELLING

Read about counselling, a talking therapy that can help with a range of mental and emotional problems, including stress, anxiety and depression.

CRADLE CAP

Find out about cradle cap, including what the symptoms are and what you can do to help.

CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS

Find out about craniosynostosis, a rare condition where a baby’s skull does not grow properly and their head becomes an unusual shape.

CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE

Find out about the different types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and what causes the condition and how it’s treated.

CROHN’S DISEASE

Read more about the symptoms, treatment and complications of Crohn’s disease, which is a long-term condition that causes inflammation of the lining of the digestive system.

CROUP

Find out about croup, including the symptoms, what to do if your child has it, and when to get medical help.

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

Cushing’s syndrome is a collection of symptoms that develop as the result of very high levels of a hormone called cortisol in the body.

CUTS AND GRAZES

Find out more about how to treat a cut or graze yourself and when you need to get medical help.

CYCLICAL VOMITING SYNDROME

Cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a rare condition that causes repeated episodes of being sick (vomiting) and feeling sick (nausea).

CYCLOSPORA

Find out about cyclospora, including how you get it, where it’s found and what the symptoms are.

CYCLOTHYMIA

Find out about cyclothymia, or cyclothymic disorder, a mild form of bipolar disorder.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition in which the lungs and digestive system can become clogged with thick, sticky mucus. Read about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

CYSTITIS

Find out more about the bladder infection cystitis, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and how to prevent it.

CYSTOSCOPY

A cystoscopy is a procedure used to look inside your bladder to diagnose or treat conditions.

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS (CMV)

Find out more about cytomegalovirus (CMV), a common virus that’s usually harmless but can cause problems in babies.

DVT (DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS)

Find out more about DVT (deep vein thrombosis), a blood clot in a vein, usually in the leg.

DANDRUFF

Find out what causes dandruff, what you can do to get rid of it and when to get medical advice.

DEAFBLINDNESS

Read about deafblindness, a condition in which a person has a combination of sight and hearing difficulties that affect their everyday activities.

DECONGESTANTS

Decongestants are medicines that can provide short-term relief for a blocked or stuffy nose (nasal congestion). Find out about the different types and who can take them.

DEHYDRATION

Dehydration is when your body loses more fluid than you take in. Find out what the symptoms of dehydration are, how to prevent it and when to get medical help.

DEMENTIA GUIDE

Read our guide on dementia, which covers possible causes, symptoms and treatments, plus guidance for family and friends on living with dementia.

DEMENTIA WITH LEWY BODIES

Find out about a type of dementia called dementia with Lewy bodies, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and what the outlook is.

DENGUE

Dengue is an infection spread by mosquitoes. Find out where it’s found, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, and what you can do to avoid it.

DENTAL ABSCESS

Find out more about dental abscesses, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how they’re treated, and how to prevent them.

DENTURES (FALSE TEETH)

Read about the two types of dentures – complete dentures and partial dentures. Find out how dentures are fitted, how to care for your dentures and when to see your dentist.

DETACHED RETINA (RETINAL DETACHMENT)

Read about a detached retina, which is where the thin layer at the back of the eye (retina) becomes loose from the back of the eye. Find out what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it’s treated.

DEVELOPMENTAL CO-ORDINATION DISORDER (DYSPRAXIA) IN CHILDREN

Read about developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD), also known as dyspraxia, a condition that affects physical co-ordination.

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP

Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a condition where the ball and socket joint of the hips does not properly form in babies and young children.

DIGEORGE SYNDROME (22Q11 DELETION)

Find out about DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion), including why it happens and what problems it can cause.

DIABETES

Read about the main types of diabetes, a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition where you produce a large amount of urine and often feel thirsty.

DIABETIC EYE SCREENING

Find out about diabetic eye screening, which can help spot eye problems caused by diabetes before they affect your sight.

DIABETIC EYE SCREENING 1

 

DIABETIC EYE SCREENING 2

 

DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS

Find out about diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how to prevent it.

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Find out more about diabetic retinopathy, a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the back of the eye (retina).

DIALYSIS

Dialysis involves removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. Blood is diverted to a machine to be cleaned.

DIARRHOEA AND VOMITING

Diarrhoea and vomiting are common in adults, children and babies. Find out how to treat and avoid spreading them, and when to get medical help.

DIFFERENCES IN SEX DEVELOPMENT

Find out about differences in sex development (DSDs), a group of rare conditions where the reproductive organs and genitals don’t develop as expected. Some people prefer to use the term intersex.

DIPHTHERIA

Diphtheria is a potentially fatal contagious bacterial infection that mainly affects the nose and throat, and sometimes the skin. It is very rare in England.

DISCOID ECZEMA

Read about discoid eczema (nummular or discoid dermatitis), a long-term (chronic) skin condition that causes the skin to become itchy, reddened, dry and cracked

DISLOCATED KNEECAP

Find out how to tell if you have a dislocated kneecap, where to get medical help, what the treatments are, and how long it takes to recover.

DISLOCATED SHOULDER

Find out how to tell if your shoulder is dislocated, how and where to get medical help, and how long it takes to recover.

DISORDERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

A disorder of consciousness, or impaired consciousness, is a state where consciousness is affected by an injury to the brain.

DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT

Find out about disorders of sex development (DSDs), a group of rare conditions where the reproductive organs and genitals don’t develop as expected.

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

Dissociative disorders are a group of conditions where you may feel disconnected from reality. Find out more, including where to get help.

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE AND DIVERTICULITIS

Find out about diverticular disease and diverticulitis, common conditions affecting the large intestine (bowel).

DIZZINESS

Dizziness is a common symptom that’s not usually a sign of anything serious. Find out what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

DO NOT ATTEMPT CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (DNACPR) DECISIONS

DNACPR means if your heart or breathing stops your healthcare team will not try to restart it. A DNACPR decision is made by you and/or your doctor or healthcare team.

DOUBLE VISION

Find out about double vision (diplopia), including how to tell if you have it, what can cause it and when to get medical help.

DOWN’S SYNDROME

Down’s syndrome is when you’re born with an extra chromosome.

DRY EYES

Find out what causes dry eyes and what you can do to help ease it.

DRY MOUTH

Find out about dry mouth, including what causes it and things you can do to help ease it yourself.

DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE

Read about Dupuytren’s contracture (Dupuytren’s disease), which affects the hands and fingers and causes 1 or more fingers to bend into the palm of the hand.

DYSARTHRIA (DIFFICULTY SPEAKING)

Find out more about dysarthria, which is where you have difficulty speaking because the muscles used for speech are weak.

DYSENTERY

Find out about dysentery, including the symptoms, when to see a GP, treatment, how to reduce your risk of getting it and how to avoid passing it on to others.

DYSLEXIA

Read about dyslexia, a common type of learning difficulty that can cause problems with reading, writing and spelling.

DYSPHAGIA (SWALLOWING PROBLEMS)

Find out more about dysphagia, where you have problems swallowing.

DYSPRAXIA (DEVELOPMENTAL CO-ORDINATION DISORDER) IN ADULTS

Find out more about dyspraxia, which is a common disorder that affects movement and co-ordination. Read about the symptoms, causes and treatments for dyspraxia, and find out when to get medical help.

DYSTONIA

Dystonia is the name for uncontrolled and sometimes painful muscle movements (spasms). Find out about the main symptoms, types and treatments.

EAR INFECTIONS

Find out about ear infections, which are very common, particularly in children. See a GP if the infection does not settle in a couple of days.

EARACHE

Find out about earache and ear pain, a common condition, particularly in young children. It’s not usually a sign of anything serious, but it can be painful.

EARLY MENOPAUSE

Find out about early menopause, when a woman’s periods stop before the age of 45, and the treatment available

EARLY OR DELAYED PUBERTY

Read about the signs of early or delayed puberty, what can cause it and how it can be treated.

EARWAX BUILD-UP

Find out more about what problems a build-up of earwax can cause, why it happens, and what can be done about it.

EATING DISORDERS

Read about the different types of eating disorders including anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge eating disorder, including possible causes and treatments available.

EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE

Find out more about Ebola virus disease, a serious infection usually found in certain parts of Africa.

ECHOCARDIOGRAM

Read about echocardiograms, including why they’re done, what happens during the test, and what the risks are.

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.

ECTROPION

Read about ectropion (a drooping lower eyelid). Find out what the symptoms are, what causes it, when to get medical advice and how it’s treated.

EDWARDS’ SYNDROME (TRISOMY 18)

Edwards’ syndrome, also known as trisomy 18, is a serious genetic condition caused by an additional copy of chromosome 18 in some or all of the cells in the body.

EHLERS-DANLOS SYNDROMES

Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of rare inherited conditions that affect connective tissue. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

EJACULATION PROBLEMS

Ejaculation problems such as premature, delayed and retrograde ejaculation are a common cause of sexual problems in men.

ELBOW AND ARM PAIN

Find out what you can do to treat a painful arm or elbow yourself, and when to get medical help.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

Find out more about ECGs (electrocardiograms), including why they’re done, the different types, and what happens.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG)

Find out about an electroencephalogram (EEG), which records brain activity, and when this type of test may be used.

ELECTROLYTE TEST

Find out why and when an electrolyte test may be needed. Also, read about the possible treatments that may be recommended if you have an electrolyte imbalance.

EMBOLISM

Find out what an embolism is, what causes it, what the risk factors are and how it can be treated and prevented.

EMOLLIENTS

Read more about emollients, which are moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin. They’re often used to treat skin conditions like eczema.

EMPYEMA

Empyema is the medical term for pockets of pus that have collected inside a body cavity. They can form if a bacterial infection is left untreated, or if it fails to fully respond to treatment. The term empyema is most commonly used to refer to pus-filled pockets that develop in the pleural space. This is the slim space between the outside of the lungs and the inside of the chest cavity.

ENCEPHALITIS

Find out about encephalitis, a rare but serious condition that causes inflammation of the brain.

END OF LIFE CARE

This Guide contains information about what you can expect during end of life care and the things you may want to think about. These include how and where you want to be cared for, as well as financial issues.

ENDOCARDITIS

Endocarditis is a rare and potentially fatal type of heart infection. It’s specifically an infection of the inner lining of the heart (the endocardium).

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Find out about endometriosis, a common condition where tissue similar to the lining of the womb grows in other places, such as the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

ENDOSCOPY

Find out about the different types of endoscopy. The type of endoscopy you have will depend on your symptoms.

ENHANCED RECOVERY

Find out about enhanced recovery, an evidence-based approach that helps people to recover more quickly after having major surgery.

EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a general term used to describe a group of rare, inherited skin disorders that cause the skin to become very fragile.

EPIDIDYMITIS

Read more about epididymitis, which is when the epididymis (a coiled tube at the back of each testicle that stores and carries sperm) becomes swollen and painful.

EPIDURAL

An epidural is an injection in your back to stop you feeling pain in part of your body, commonly given for pain relief in childbirth and in some types of surgery.

EPIGLOTTITIS

Read about epiglottitis, which is inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that sits beneath the tongue at the back of the throat.

EPILEPSY

Find out about epilepsy, where sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain cause seizures or fits.

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (IMPOTENCE)

Find out what erectile dysfunction is, what the common causes are and how it can be treated.

ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME

NHS information about erythema multiforme, including symptoms, when to get help and treatment.

ERYTHEMA NODOSUM

NHS information about erythema nodosum. Find out what it is, what the symptoms are, what causes it, when to get medical help and how it’s treated.

ERYTHROCYTOSIS

Read about the symptoms and treatment of a blood disorder called erythrocytosis (sometimes called polycythaemia), which means having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood.

ERYTHROMELALGIA

NHS information about erythromelalgia, a rare condition that causes episodes of burning pain and redness in the hands and feet, and sometimes the arms, legs, ears and face.

EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTED SUICIDE

Read about euthanasia (deliberately ending a person’s life to relieve suffering) and assisted suicide (deliberately assisting a person to kill themselves). Both are illegal in England.

EWING SARCOMA

Find out about Ewing sarcoma, a rare type of bone cancer. Read about the symptoms and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS (HYPERSOMNIA)

Read about excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia), a condition that causes you to feel very sleepy during the day, even if you had a good night’s sleep.

EXCESSIVE HAIR GROWTH (HIRSUTISM)

Find out about excessive hair growth (hirsutism), including when to see a GP and information about treatments and causes.

EXCESSIVE SWEATING (HYPERHIDROSIS)

Find out about possible causes and treatments for excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis).

EXCESSIVE THIRST

Find out about excessive thirst, including what might be causing it, when to see a GP and the difference between dry mouth and excessive thirst.

EYE CANCER

Read about eye cancer, including the symptoms, causes, treatments, and outlook.

EYE INJURIES

Find out what to do if you have an eye injury, including when to get medical help.

EYE TESTS FOR CHILDREN

Read about the routine eye checks that newborn babies have and eye tests for children. Eye checks are important because they allow any problems to be identified early on in a child’s development.

EYELID PROBLEMS

Find out what to do if you have a lump on your eyelid, or an eyelid that’s swollen, sticky, itchy or painful.

FABRICATED OR INDUCED ILLNESS

Find out about fabricated or induced illness (FII), which is a rare form of child abuse where a parent or carer exaggerates or deliberately causes symptoms of illness in the child.

FAINTING

Find out more about fainting (syncope), when you pass out for a short time.

FALLS

Anyone can have a fall, but older people are more vulnerable and likely to fall, especially if they have a long-term health condition.

FARTING (FLATULENCE)

Flatulence is passing gas from the digestive system out of the back passage. It’s more commonly known as \”passing wind\”, or \”farting\”.

FEBRILE SEIZURES

Find out about febrile seizures (febrile convulsions or fits), which can sometimes happen when a child has a high temperature (fever).

FEELING SICK (NAUSEA)

Feeling sick (nausea) is common and usually goes away on its own. Find out about some things you can try that might help and what might be causing it.

FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM)

Find out what female genital mutilation (FGM) is, why and where it’s carried out, what the health risks are, and where to get help and advice.

FEMORAL HERNIA REPAIR

Find out about femoral hernias, a rare type of hernia.

FIBROIDS

Read about the different types of fibroids and why they develop. Find out when to see a GP if you have fibroids and how they’re treated.

FIBROMYALGIA

Fibromyalgia, also called fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), is a long-term condition that causes pain all over the body.

FIRST AID

Find out what to do in emergency situations such as anaphylaxis, bleeding, burns and scalds, choking, drowning, electrocution, fractures, heart attacks, poisoning, shock and stroke.

FITNESS STUDIO EXERCISE VIDEOS

NHS Fitness Studio: free online fitness videos, aerobics videos, strength and resistance videos, pilates and yoga videos and more.

FLAT FEET

Find out about flat feet (fallen arches), including why they happen, whether they’re serious and how they can be treated.

FLOATERS AND FLASHES IN THE EYES

Find out about floaters, which are small shapes that some people see floating in their field of vision.

FLU

NHS information about flu, including symptoms, how to treat it yourself and when to get help.

FLUORIDE

Read about fluoride – a naturally occurring mineral that is added to toothpaste, drinking water and some foods, which can help prevent tooth decay.

FOETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDER

Find out about foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, which is a range of mental and physical problems that can affect a child if their mother drinks alcohol while pregnant.

FOETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

Find out about foetal alcohol syndrome, a range of mental and physical problems that can affect children whose mothers drink alcohol while they’re pregnant.

FOOD ALLERGY

Find out more about food allergies, including what the symptoms are, what can cause them and how they’re treated.

FOOD COLOURS AND HYPERACTIVITY

Find out about the possible link between some artificial food colours and hyperactivity in children.

FOOD INTOLERANCE

NHS information about food intolerance, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

FOOD POISONING

Read about the symptoms and causes of food poisoning and what you should do if you get it. It’s not usually serious and most people get better within a week without treatment.

FOOT DROP

Find out about foot drop, where it’s difficult to lift or move your foot and toes when walking.

FOOT PAIN

Choose which area of your foot hurts most to find out about treatments, when to get medical help and possible causes.

FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA

Find out what frontotemporal dementia is, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, and what the outlook is.

FROSTBITE

Read about frostbite, how it’s caused and how to prevent it. Also find out what to do if you have frostbite and when to get medical assistance.

FROZEN SHOULDER

Frozen shoulder means your shoulder is painful and stiff for months, sometimes years. Find out about the main symptoms, treatments and causes.

FUNGAL NAIL INFECTION

NHS information about fungal nail infections, including symptoms, self-care, when to get medical help, treatments and prevention.

GALLBLADDER CANCER

Find out about gallbladder cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

GALLBLADDER REMOVAL

Read about gallbladder removal surgery (cholecystectomy), including why it’s done, what’s involved and what the potential risks are.

GALLSTONES

Gallstones are small stones, usually made of cholesterol, that form in the gallbladder. They do not usually cause any symptoms and do not need to be treated.

GANGLION CYST

A ganglion cyst is a fluid-filled swelling that develops near a joint or tendon. The cyst can range from the size of a pea to the size of a golf ball.

GANGRENE

Gangrene is a serious condition in which a loss of blood supply causes tissue to die. It can affect any part of the body but typically starts in the toes, feet, fingers and hands.

GASTRECTOMY

Read about gastrectomy, a medical procedure that involves surgically removing all or part of the stomach. Find out how it is performed, the recovery and complications from having it.

GASTRITIS

Find out about gastritis, including what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it’s treated.

GASTROPARESIS

Find out about gastroparesis, including what the symptoms are, what the treatments are, how it’s diagnosed, and what causes it.

GASTROSCOPY

Find out what a gastroscopy is, why it’s done, what happens on the day and what the results mean.

GENDER DYSPHORIA

Gender dysphoria is a term that describes a sense of unease that a person may have because of a mismatch between their biological sex and their gender identity.

GENERAL ANAESTHESIA

Find out about general anaesthesia, which is used during surgery to make you unconscious so you will not know what is happening or feel any pain.

GENERALISED ANXIETY DISORDER IN ADULTS

Everyone has feelings of anxiety at some point in their life. However, some people find it hard to control their worries. Their feelings of anxiety are more constant and can often affect their daily lives.

GENETIC AND GENOMIC TESTING

Find out about genetic and genomic testing on the NHS including how it works, when it’s available, what the results can show and how genetic counselling can help.

GENETICS

Read about genetics, the branch of science that deals with how you inherit physical and behavioural characteristics, including genetic and inherited medical conditions.

GENITAL HERPES

Genital herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 or type 2. It causes painful blisters to appear on the genitals and the surrounding areas.

GENITAL WARTS

Find out about genital warts, which are small lumps or cauliflower-like growths around the vagina, penis or anus.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Find out what gestational diabetes is, what problems it can cause, how it’s diagnosed, and what the treatments are.

GIARDIASIS

Find out about giardiasis, an infection of the digestive system caused by tiny parasites called Giardia intestinalis.

GILBERT’S SYNDROME

Read about Gilbert’s syndrome, a genetic hereditary disorder where slightly higher than normal levels of bilirubin build up in the blood, causing jaundice.

GLANDULAR FEVER

Find out about glandular fever including what the symptoms are, how to treat it yourself, how to stop it spreading, and when to get medical help.

GLAUCOMA

Find out what glaucoma is, what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it’s treated.

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

Read about glomerulonephritis, which is damage to the tiny filters inside your kidneys (the glomeruli).

GLUE EAR

Find out what glue ear is, what causes it, what a GP can do to help, and how it’s treated.

GLUTARIC ACIDURIA TYPE 1

Glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1) is a rare but serious inherited condition. It means the body can’t process certain amino acids, causing a harmful build-up of substances in the blood and urine.

GOITRE

Find out about goitre, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, how it is treated and what causes it.

GONORRHOEA

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae or gonococcus. It used to be known as “the clap”.

GOUT

Find out more about gout, a type of arthritis, including the symptoms, causes, when to get help and treatments.

GRANULOMA ANNULARE

Find out about granuloma annulare, including the symptoms, treatments and causes.

GRANULOMATOSIS WITH POLYANGIITIS

Find out about granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), including what the symptoms are, why it happens and how it’s treated.

GROUP B STREP

Find out about group B strep, a type of bacteria called streptococcal bacteria, and how it can affect you and your baby in pregnancy.

GROWING PAINS

Find out about growing pains, what the symptoms are, how you can treat it, when to get medical help, and what the causes are.

GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a very rare and serious condition that affects the nerves. It mainly affects the feet, hands and limbs, causing problems such as numbness, weakness and pain.

GUM DISEASE

Find out more about gum disease, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and how to prevent it.

HIV AND AIDS

Read about the symptoms of HIV and AIDS, what treatments are available and how to prevent getting or spreading the infection.

HAEMOCHROMATOSIS

Find out about haemochromatosis, an inherited condition where iron levels in the body slowly build up over many years.

HAEMOPHILIA

Find out about the causes, symptoms and treatment of haemophilia, an inherited condition that means you bleed more than usual.

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB)

Find out about haemophilus influenzae (Hib),including what the symptoms are, what causes it, and the vaccines that can help prevent it.

HAIR DYE REACTIONS

Read about reactions to hair dye, the signs, symptoms, how to avoid them and what to do when you have a reaction.

HAIR LOSS

Hair loss can have many causes. Alopecia is the general medical term for hair loss. Find out when to see a GP and what treatments are available.

HAIRY CELL LEUKAEMIA

Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare type of chronic leukaemia that gets its name from the hair-like strands around the cancerous cells.

HALLUCINATIONS AND HEARING VOICES

Read about hallucinations, including the possible causes and practical advice about what to do if you experience them.

HAMSTRING INJURY

Read about hamstring injuries, including the different types, how they’re treated and how long it takes to recover.

HAND PAIN

Choose which area of your hand hurts most to find out about treatments, when to get medical help and possible causes.

HAND TENDON REPAIR

Find out about when hand tendon repair is needed, how surgery is carried out, the recovery process and possible complications.

HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE

Find out about hand, foot and mouth disease, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it, and when you should get medical advice.

HAVING AN OPERATION (SURGERY)

If you’re considering having an operation or your GP has suggested you may need surgery, this guide is for you.

HAY FEVER

Find out about the symptoms and causes of hay fever, who’s affected and what treatments are available.

HEAD AND NECK CANCER

Read about the main types of cancer that affect the head and neck, including mouth cancer, laryngeal cancer and throat cancer.

HEAD INJURY AND CONCUSSION

Information and advice about head injuries and concussion, including the typical symptoms and what to look out for, plus how to treat minor head injuries at home.

HEAD INJURY AND CONCUSSION

Read about head injuries and concussion, what symptoms to look out for, when to seek medical advice or treatment and how to care for a minor head injury.

HEAD INJURY AND CONCUSSION

Read about head injuries and concussion, what symptoms to look out for, when to seek medical advice or treatment and how to care for a minor head injury.

HEAD LICE AND NITS

Find out how to spot head lice, how to get rid of them and how they spread.

HEADACHES

Find out about headaches, including what you can do to help ease them, when to get medical advice and what the most common causes are.

HEADACHES IN CHILDREN

Find out how to recognise and treat headaches in children.

HEALTH ANXIETY

Read about health anxiety (hypochondria), which is when worry about your health starts to take over your life. Includes advice about symptoms and treatments.

HEARING AIDS AND IMPLANTS

Find out about how to get hearing aids, and the different types of hearing aids and implants.

HEARING LOSS

Find out about the common signs and causes of hearing loss, when to get medical help and how hearing loss is treated.

HEARING TESTS

Read about hearing tests that are used to assess your ability to hear different sounds and to determine if there are any problems.

HEARING TESTS FOR CHILDREN

Read about when hearing tests are routinely offered to children, what they involve and why they’re important.

HEART ATTACK

Find out about heart attacks, a serious medical emergency in which the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot.

HEART BLOCK

Heart block is a condition where the heart beats more slowly or with an abnormal rhythm. Find out what causes it and how it’s treated.

HEART FAILURE

Find out what heart failure is, including what the symptoms are and how it is treated.

HEART PALPITATIONS

Find out what heart palpitations are, what they feel like, common causes and when to get medical help.

HEART TRANSPLANT

Find out why heart transplants are carried out, what the procedure involves, what the risks are, and what you can expect while you recover.

HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANT

Find out about heart-lung transplant, including when it is done, assessment and suitability, what happens during and after the operation, plus recovery and risks.

HEARTBURN AND ACID REFLUX

Find out more about heartburn, a burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux). If it keeps happening, it may be gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

HEAT EXHAUSTION AND HEATSTROKE

Heat exhaustion and heatstroke can happen if you get too hot. They can be serious. They usually happen during a heatwave or in a hot climate, but can also be caused by very intense exercise.

HEAT RASH (PRICKLY HEAT)

Find out about heat rash, also called prickly heat or miliaria rubra, which is an itchy rash of small, raised spots and a stinging or prickling sensation on the skin.

HEAVY PERIODS

Find out about heavy periods (called menorrhagia) and how to treat them if they are affecting your daily life.

HEEL PAIN

Read about heel pain which is commonly caused when a band of tissue in the foot, known as the plantar fascia, is damaged and thickens.

HELP FOR SUICIDAL THOUGHTS

Where to get help if you are having suicidal thoughts, and what to do if you are worried about someone else.

HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA (HSP)

NHS information about Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and treatments.

HEPATITIS

Hepatitis is the term used to describe inflammation of the liver. It’s usually the result of a viral infection or liver damage caused by drinking alcohol.

HEPATITIS A

Find out about hepatitis A, including what causes it, how it can be prevented, what the symptoms are, and how it is treated.

HEPATITIS B

Find out about hepatitis B, what causes it, how it’s prevented, what the symptoms are, how it is treated and what the complications may be.

HEPATITIS C

Read about hepatitis C, a virus that can infect and damage the liver. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments for the condition.

HERBAL MEDICINES

Read about herbal medicines and remedies, including what the possible risks are, who shouldn’t use them, and what to look for when buying them.

HERCEPTIN (TRASTUZUMAB)

Find out about Herceptin (trastuzumab), including how it works, when it’s used, how it’s given and what the possible side effects are.

HEREDITARY HAEMORRHAGIC TELANGIECTASIA (HHT)

Read information on hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome), including symptoms, causes and how it’s treated.

HEREDITARY NEUROPATHY WITH PRESSURE PALSIES (HNPP)

Read about hereditary neuropathy with pressure palsies (HNPP), an inherited nerve disorder that typically causes numbness, tingling and muscle weakness.

HEREDITARY SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA

Find out about hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), a rare group of inherited disorders that often cause weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles, which gradually gets worse over time.

HERNIA

Read about hernias, which occur when an internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall.

HERPES SIMPLEX EYE INFECTIONS

Find out about herpes simplex eye infections, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help and how they’re treated.

HERPETIC WHITLOW (WHITLOW FINGER)

Find out about herpetic whitlow (whitlow finger) including symptoms, causes and treatments.

HIATUS HERNIA

Find out what causes a hiatus hernia, which is when part of your stomach moves up into your chest, and how to treat it if needed.

HICCUPS

Find out about things you can do yourself to stop or prevent hiccups.

HIDRADENITIS SUPPURATIVA (HS)

Find out about hidradenitis suppurativa, a painful, long-term skin condition that causes abscesses and scarring on the skin.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION)

Find everything you need to know about high blood pressure, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, with links to other useful resources.

HIGH BLOOD SUGAR (HYPERGLYCAEMIA)

Find out about high blood sugar (hyperglycaemia), including what the symptoms are, what a high blood sugar level is and how to control your blood sugar.

HIGH CHOLESTEROL

Find out what cholesterol is, what causes high cholesterol, why it’s important to keep your cholesterol levels under control, and how to lower your cholesterol.

HIGH TEMPERATURE (FEVER) IN ADULTS

Find out about high temperature (fever) in adults including what causes it, how to tell if you have a high temperature and how to treat it.

HIGH TEMPERATURE (FEVER) IN CHILDREN

Find out how to check if your child has a high temperature (fever), what you can do to bring their temperature down, and when to get medical help.

HIP FRACTURE

Read about hip fractures, also called proximal femoral fractures. Hip fractures are cracks or breaks in the top of the thigh bone (femur) close to the hip joint.

HIP PAIN IN ADULTS

Find out about common causes of hip pain in adults, how you can help ease hip pain and when you should get medical help.

HIP PAIN IN CHILDREN (IRRITABLE HIP)

Find out about hip pain in children, including what causes it, when to get medical help and how it can be treated.

HIP REPLACEMENT

Find out what a hip replacement involves, when it might be recommended, and how it can help with hip pain and movement.

HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE

Hirschsprung’s disease is a rare bowel condition that is mainly diagnosed in babies and young children. Read about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

HIVES

Find out about hives (also called urticaria), which is a raised, itchy rash that’s usually caused by a reaction to things like food, pollen, insect bites or chemicals.

HOARDING DISORDER

Read about hoarding disorders, including why it might happen, why it’s a problem and what can be done about it.

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

Hodgkin lymphoma is an uncommon cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout your body.

HOME OXYGEN THERAPY

Information about home oxygen therapy, also known as home oxygen treatment, including when it’s needed, how it’s given, the assessment process and safety advice.

HOMEOPATHY

Find out about homeopathy, including how it has developed and used in treatments, plus links to other resources.

HOMOCYSTINURIA

Homocystinuria (HCU) is a rare but potentially serious inherited condition where the body can’t process the amino acid methionine.

HORMONE HEADACHES

Many women experience headaches caused by changes in their hormones. Read self-help tips and treatments for hormone headaches, also called menstrual migraines.

HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (HRT)

Find out about hormone replacement therapy (HRT) – how it can help menopausal symptoms, the different types of HRT, and what the main risks and side effects are – including how it can raise your risk of breast cancer.

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

Find out what human papillomavirus (HPV) is, how it’s spread, what conditions it can cause, and how to protect against it.

HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE

Find out more about Huntington’s disease, an inherited condition that damages certain nerve cells in the brain.

HYDROCEPHALUS

Find out about hydrocephalus (fluid in the brain), including information about symptoms, causes, types, diagnosis, treatment and complications.

HYDRONEPHROSIS

Read about hydronephrosis, a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as a result of a build-up of urine inside them.

HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Find out about hyperparathyroidism, where the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone.

HYPNOTHERAPY

Read more about hypnotherapy, which is a type of complementary therapy that uses hypnosis – an altered state of consciousness.

HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone.

HYPOTHERMIA

Find out about hypothermia, a dangerous drop in body temperature below 35C (normal body temperature is around 37C). Go to A&E or call 999 immediately if someone has symptoms of hypothermia.

HYPOTONIA

Find out what hypotonia is, what causes it, plus how it’s diagnosed and treated.

HYSTERECTOMY

Find out about hysterectomy, a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus). You’ll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation.

HYSTEROSCOPY

Find out about hysteroscopy, a procedure used to examine the womb (uterus) to diagnose and treat some women’s health conditions.

IVF

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is one of several techniques available to help people with fertility problems have a baby. During IVF, an egg is removed from the woman’s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory.

IBUPROFEN

Read about ibuprofen, a painkiller available over the counter without a prescription.

ICHTHYOSIS

Find out about ichthyosis, a condition that causes dry scaly skin, including when to get medical help, treatment options and types.

IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS

Find out about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and what the outlook is.

ILEOSTOMY

Read about ileostomy, an operation to bring the end of your small bowel through an opening in your tummy to form a stoma. Find out why it’s done, what it involves, possible complications and what to expect after the operation.

IMPETIGO

Find out about impetigo, a skin infection that’s very contagious but not usually serious. Read about the symptoms and when to get medical help, plus how it can be treated and prevented.

INDIGESTION

Find out about indigestion, a common problem that causes pain or discomfort in your upper abdomen (dyspepsia) or behind your breastbone (heartburn).

INFECTED PIERCINGS

Find out about the symptoms of an infected piercing, including what to do if your piercing is infected and how to keep your piercing clean to stop it getting infected.

INFERTILITY

Find out about infertility, including the causes, treatment options, and when to get help and advice.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Find out about inflammatory bowel disease, what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, what causes it and where you can get support.

INGROWN HAIRS

Find out about ingrown hairs, what the symptoms are, how you can treat and prevent them yourself, and what treatments you can get from your GP.

INGROWN TOENAIL

NHS information about ingrown toenail, including symptoms, self-care, when to see a GP, medical treatments and prevention.

INGUINAL HERNIA REPAIR

A hernia happens when an internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall.

INSECT BITES AND STINGS

Find out about some of the most common insect bites and stings, how to treat them and when to get help.

INSOMNIA

Find out about insomnia, including why it might happen and how to treat it.

INTENSIVE CARE

Find out about intensive care units (ICUs), specialist hospital wards for people who are seriously ill.

INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION

Intracranial hypertension is a build-up of pressure around the brain. It can cause severe headaches and problems with your vision.

INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION (IUI)

Find out about intrauterine (artificial) insemination, or IUI, a fertility treatment that involves directly inserting sperm into a woman’s womb.

IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA

Find out more about iron deficiency anaemia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, the tests and treatments you may have, and the possible causes.

IRREGULAR PERIODS

Find out how to check if your periods are irregular, what can cause irregular periods, when to see a GP and how irregular periods can be treated.

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

Read about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and how to treat the symptoms, which include stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhoea and constipation.

ISOVALERIC ACIDAEMIA

Isovaleric acidaemia (IVA) is a rare, but potentially serious, inherited condition. It means the body can’t process the amino acid leucine. This causes a harmful build-up of this substance in blood and urine.

ITCHY BOTTOM

Read about itchy bottom, which is a strong urge to scratch the skin around your anus. Find out how to ease itching and when to get medical help.

ITCHY SKIN

Itchy skin is not usually a sign of anything serious. Find out how to treat it yourself, what medical treatments are available and what can cause it.

JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS

Find out about Japanese encephalitis including who’s most at risk of getting it, how to avoid it, what the symptoms are and how it’s treated.

JAUNDICE

NHS information about jaundice, where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. It’s caused by a build-up of a substance called bilirubin.

JELLYFISH AND OTHER SEA CREATURE STINGS

Find out what to do after a sea creature sting. You can usually use first aid, but call 999 for an ambulance if there are serious symptoms like severe swelling.

JET LAG

Find out what causes jet lag and what you can do to reduce its effects. Get plenty of rest before you travel and try adjusting your sleep routine to the time zone of the place you’re travelling to.

JOINT HYPERMOBILITY SYNDROME

Joint hypermobility syndrome is where you get pain and stiffness from having very flexible joints. Read more about how it’s diagnosed and managed.

JOINT PAIN

Find out about common causes of joint pain, how you can help ease joint pain and when you should get medical help.

KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

Read about Kaposi’s sarcoma, a rare type of cancer caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) virus. It affects the skin, mouth and sometimes the internal organs.

KAWASAKI DISEASE

Kawasaki disease is a condition that mainly affects children under the age of 5. It’s also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.

KELOID SCARS

Read the NHS information about keloid scars, including symptoms, treatment, causes and when to get help.

KERATOSIS PILARIS

Read about keratosis pilaris, which is a common, harmless condition where the skin becomes rough and bumpy, as if covered in permanent goose pimples.

KIDNEY CANCER

Find out about kidney cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

KIDNEY INFECTION

A kidney infection (pyelonephritis) is a painful and unpleasant illness caused by bacteria travelling from your bladder into one or both of your kidneys.

KIDNEY STONES

Information about kidney stones, including symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention.

KIDNEY TRANSPLANT

Read about kidney transplants, including who can have them, what they involve and what the risks are.

KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

Read about Klinefelter syndrome – a condition in which male babies are born with an extra X chromosome. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

KNEE LIGAMENT SURGERY

Read about how an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is caused, and the considerations when deciding whether to have reconstructive surgery.

KNEE PAIN

Sudden knee pain is often caused by overusing the knee or injuring it. Find out what you can do to treat it yourself and when to get medical help.

KNEE REPLACEMENT

Find out what a knee replacement involves, when it might be recommended, and how it can help with knee pain and movement.

KNOCK KNEES

NHS information about knock knees, including symptoms, treatments and what to do if you think you or your child have it.

KNOCKED-OUT TOOTH

A knocked-out tooth can usually be saved by putting it back in place or in milk as soon as possible, before seeing a dentist.

KWASHIORKOR

Find out about kwashiorkor, a severe form of malnutrition that most commonly affects children in developing regions of the world where there’s a limited food supply.

KYPHOSIS

Kyphosis is a condition where the top of the back is excessively curved and appears more rounded than normal.

LABIAL FUSION

Read about labial fusion. This is when the small inner lips around the entrance to the vagina become sealed together. It’s fairly common in girls under the age of 7. It usually gets better on its own, but can be treated with creams or, very rarely, surgery.

LABYRINTHITIS AND VESTIBULAR NEURITIS

Read about labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis (also known as vestibular neuronitis), including advice about symptoms, when to get medical help and treatment.

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH) TEST

A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test measures the amount of LDH in the blood.

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

Find out about lactose intolerance, what the symptoms are, what the treatments are, what tests can find out if you have it, and what causes it.

LAMBERT-EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME

Find out about Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, a rare condition affecting the nerves that causes muscle weakness and other symptoms.

LAPAROSCOPY (KEYHOLE SURGERY)

Find out more about laparoscopy, a type of keyhole surgical procedure that uses small cuts to perform surgery inside the tummy and pelvis.

LARYNGEAL (LARYNX) CANCER

Read about laryngeal cancer, including the symptoms, causes, treatments and outlook.

LARYNGITIS

Find out about laryngitis, which is when your voice box becomes irritated or swollen. Symptoms of laryngitis usually come on suddenly and get worse during the first 3 days.

LASER EYE SURGERY AND LENS SURGERY

Find out what laser eye surgery and lens surgery are, why they’re done, what happens during the operation and possible complications.

LAXATIVES

Find out about different types of laxatives, how they work, how to choose the right one and how long to take them for. Also, find out about the possible side effects of laxatives.

LAZY EYE

Find out more about a lazy eye (amblyopia), a condition where the vision in 1 eye does not develop properly.

LEARNING DISABILITIES

A learning disability affects the way a person learns new things throughout their lifetime.

LEG CRAMPS

Find out about leg cramps, a common condition where the muscles in the leg suddenly become tight and painful.

LEGIONNAIRES’ DISEASE

Find out more about Legionnaires’ disease, an uncommon but serious lung infection you can get from inhaling droplets of water containing bacteria that cause the infection.

LEPTOSPIROSIS (WEIL’S DISEASE)

Find out about leptospirosis infection, including what causes it, what the symptoms are, where to get help, how it’s treated, and how to avoid getting it.

LEUKOPLAKIA

Find out about leukoplakia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, treatments and prevention.

LICHEN PLANUS

Find out about lichen planus, a non-infectious, itchy rash that can affect many areas of the body.

LICHEN SCLEROSUS

Read about lichen sclerosus, a skin condition that mainly affects the skin of the genitals. Find out about symptoms, causes, treatments and when to see a GP.

LIMPING IN CHILDREN

Find out more about limping in children, which is usually caused by something minor like a sprain or strain.

LIPOEDEMA

Find out about lipoedema, an abnormal build-up of fat in your legs and sometimes arms, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and what treatments are available.

LIPOMA

Find out about lipomas, which are soft, fatty lumps that grow under your skin. They’re harmless and do not usually need any treatment.

LISTERIOSIS

NHS information and advice about listeriosis, including how you catch it, what the symptoms are and how you can avoid it.

LIVER CANCER

Liver cancer is a cancer that’s found anywhere in the liver.

LIVER DISEASE

Find out about the different types of liver disease and their causes . Find out the symptoms of liver disease, when to get medical help and what you can do to prevent it.

LIVER TRANSPLANT

Find out about liver transplant, an operation to remove a diseased or damaged liver and replace it with a healthy one.

LOCAL ANAESTHESIA

Find out what local anaesthetics are, when they’re used, and what the possible side effects are.

LONG QT SYNDROME

NHS information about long QT syndrome, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

LONG-SIGHTEDNESS

Find out about long-sightedness, what the symptoms are, what tests you can have, how it is treated, and what causes it.

LOST OR CHANGED SENSE OF SMELL

A change in your sense of smell can be unpleasant and affect how things taste. But it’s not usually serious and may get better in a few weeks or months.

LOW BLOOD PRESSURE (HYPOTENSION)

Find out about low blood pressure (hypotension), including what the symptoms are, when to get your blood pressure checked and treatments for low blood pressure.

LOW BLOOD SUGAR (HYPOGLYCAEMIA)

Find out about low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia), including what the symptoms are, the causes, how to treat it and how to prevent it.

LOW SEX DRIVE (LOSS OF LIBIDO)

A low sex drive (loss of libido) can affect both men and women. Find out what can cause it, when to get help and how it can be treated.

LOW SPERM COUNT

Find out about low sperm count, including symptoms, tests and treatments.

LOW WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT

Find out about low white blood cell count. It usually means your body is not making enough white blood cells and can increase your risk of getting infections.

LUMBAR DECOMPRESSION SURGERY

Lumbar decompression surgery is a type of surgery used to treat compressed nerves in the lower (lumbar) spine. It’s only recommended when non-surgical treatments haven’t helped.

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

Find out about lumbar punctures, including why they’re done, what happens during the procedure, side effects, how to help your recovery, and possible complications.

LUMPS

NHS information about lumps and swellings. Find out about different types of lumps and what causes them, and when to get medical advice.

LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer. More than 43,000 people are diagnosed with the condition every year in the UK.

LUNG HEALTH CHECKS

Find out about lung health checks, who can get them and what will happen at your appointment.

LUNG TRANSPLANT

Find out about lung transplants, including when it’s needed, the different types of transplant, what the procedure involves and the associated risks.

LUPUS

Find out about lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus), including causes, symptoms, treatment and how you can ease your symptoms.

LYME DISEASE

Read NHS information on Lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection spread to humans by infected ticks.

LYMPHOEDEMA

Read about lymphoedema, a long-term condition that causes swelling in the body’s tissues. It usually develops in the arms or legs.

MCADD

MCADD is a rare genetic condition where a person has problems breaking down fat for energy. Read about the symptoms, causes and outlook.

MRI SCAN

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body.

MRSA

Find out about MRSA, which is a bacteria that usually lives harmlessly on the skin but can cause a serious infection if it gets inside the body.

MÉNIÈRE’S DISEASE

Find out more about Ménière’s disease, a rare condition that affects the inner ear.

MACULAR HOLE

A macular hole is a small gap that opens at the centre of the retina in the macula. It causes blurred and distorted vision, and can be treated with surgery.

MAGNESIUM TEST

Find out what a magnesium test is and when it might be used.

MALARIA

Find out more about malaria, including where it’s found, how you catch it and what the symptoms are.

MALIGNANT BRAIN TUMOUR (BRAIN CANCER)

A malignant brain tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other areas of the brain and spine.

MALLET FINGER

Mallet finger is an injury to the end of the finger that causes it to bend inwards. Find out about the condition, its treatment and causes.

MALNUTRITION

Find out about malnutrition, including the signs and symptoms, who’s at risk, when to see a GP, and how it’s treated.

MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare but serious inherited condition. It means the body can’t process certain amino acids.

MARFAN SYNDROME

Find out what Marfan syndrome is, what causes it, plus how it’s diagnosed and treated.

MASTECTOMY

A mastectomy is an operation to remove a breast. It’s used to treat breast cancer in women and men.

MASTITIS

Find out about mastitis, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it and why it happens.

MASTOCYTOSIS

Read about mastocytosis, a rare condition caused by an excess number of mast cells gathering in the body’s tissues.

MASTOIDITIS

Find out about mastoiditis, a serious bacterial infection that affects the mastoid bone behind the ear.

MEASLES

Find out about measles, a highly infectious viral illness that can be very unpleasant and sometimes lead to serious complications.

MEDICAL CANNABIS (AND CANNABIS OILS)

Information from the NHS website on medical cannabis.

MEDICALLY UNEXPLAINED SYMPTOMS

Find out about medically unexplained symptoms, including possible causes, the connection between physical and mental health, how a GP can help and self-help.

MEDICINES INFORMATION

As medicines are a crucial part of medical treatment, it’s important to have a good understanding of them.

MELANOMA SKIN CANCER

Find out about melanoma skin cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

MEMORY LOSS (AMNESIA)

NHS information about memory loss (amnesia), including advice about what to do if you have problems with your memory and what the cause might be.

MENINGITIS

Read about meningitis, an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Find out about the symptoms, vaccines and treatments.

MENISCUS TEAR (KNEE CARTILAGE DAMAGE)

NHS information about meniscus tears (knee cartilage damage), including symptoms, how to ease symptoms yourself and when to get medical help.

MENOPAUSE

Find out about menopause symptoms, causes and treatments, and things you can do to help.

MENTAL HEALTH AND WELLBEING

Advice and support from the NHS for common problems like stress, anxiety and depression

MESOTHELIOMA

Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments of mesothelioma, a cancer of the lining that covers some of the body’s organs.

METABOLIC SYNDROME

Find out about metabolic syndrome, what it is, how it’s diagnosed and how to prevent and treat it.

METALLIC TASTE

Find out about metallic taste in the mouth. It can have lots of possible causes and how you get rid of it depends on the cause.

MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (MERS)

Find out about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, a rare but severe respiratory illness.

MIGRAINE

Find out about migraines, including symptoms and how they’re treated.

MISCARRIAGE

A miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks. The main signs of a miscarriage include vaginal bleeding, followed by cramping and pain.

MISSED OR LATE PERIODS

Find out about the causes of missed or late periods and when to seek medical help.

MITRAL VALVE PROBLEMS

Find out about the problems that can affect the heart’s mitral valve, including prolapse, regurgitation and stenosis. Also, read about the different types of mitral valve surgery.

MOBILE PHONE SAFETY

There have been some safety concerns about the potential effects of the radio waves that mobile phones and base stations produce.

MOLAR PREGNANCY

A molar pregnancy is when there’s a problem with a fertilised egg, which means a baby and a placenta do not develop the way they should after conception. A molar pregnancy will not be able to survive.

MOLES

Find out about moles, including what a normal mole looks like and when a mole could be serious. Also, find out how to prevent a mole becoming cancerous.

MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM

Find out about molluscum contagiosum, including what the symptoms are and what to do if you think you or your child have it.

MONKEYPOX

Find out about monkeypox, including how you get it, what the symptoms are and what to do if you think you have it.

MORTON’S NEUROMA

Morton’s neuroma is a condition that affects the nerves between the toes. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

MOTION SICKNESS

Find out more about motion sickness, an unpleasant combination of symptoms, such as dizziness, feeling sick, or being sick, that can happen when you’re travelling.

MOTOR NEURONE DISEASE

Read about motor neurone disease (MND), a rare condition where parts of the nervous system become damaged. This causes increasing weakness, and in many cases, muscle wasting.

MOUTH CANCER

Find out about mouth cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments, and where to get support.

MOUTH ULCERS

Find out about mouth ulcers, including what they look like, what causes them, how to treat them, and how to avoid getting them.

MPOX

Find out about mpox (previously known as monkeypox), including how you get it, what the symptoms are and what to do if you think you have it.

MUCOSITIS

Find out about mucositis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do to ease them, when to get medical help and what treatments are available.

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

Find out more about multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, a type of bone marrow cancer.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can affect the brain and spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance.

MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY

Find out about multiple system atrophy, including information about symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.

MUMPS

Mumps is a contagious viral infection that used to be common in children before the introduction of the MMR vaccine.

MUNCHAUSEN’S SYNDROME

Find out about Munchausen’s syndrome, a disorder where someone pretends to be ill or induces symptoms of illness in themselves. Munchausen’s by proxy is where a person fakes or induces illness in someone under their care.

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY

The muscular dystrophies (MD) are a group of inherited genetic conditions that gradually cause the muscles to weaken, leading to an increasing level of disability.

MYALGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME (ME/CFS)

Find out about myalgic encephalomyelitis, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS. It’s a long-term condition with a wide range of symptoms. Extreme tiredness is the main symptom.

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

Read about myasthenia gravis, including the symptoms and when to see a GP. Also, find out what causes the condition, how it’s treated and the outlook.

MYCOBACTERIUM CHIMAERA INFECTION

Find out about the risk of Mycobacterium chimaera infection after open heart surgery, including what to do if you’re at risk and what the symptoms are.

MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME (MYELODYSPLASIA)

Find out about myelodysplastic syndrome (myelodysplasia or MDS), a blood disorder that causes a drop in the number of healthy blood cells.

MYOSITIS

Find out more about myositis, the name for a group of rare conditions that cause muscle weakness.

NHS HEALTH CHECK

The NHS Health Check is a health check-up for adults in England aged 40 to 74.

NHS SCREENING

Find out about the different types of screening offered by the NHS in England.

NSAIDS

Read about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a medicine used for relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and bringing down a high temperature.

NAIL PATELLA SYNDROME

Nail patella syndrome is a rare genetic condition that can involve problems with the nails, bones, kidneys and eyes. It’s thought to affect about 1 in 50,000 people.

NAIL PROBLEMS

Find out about different nail problems, including brittle or crumbly nails, thickened, overgrown nails, or changes in nail colour.

NARCOLEPSY

Read about narcolepsy, including the symptoms, causes, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

NASAL AND SINUS CANCER

Find out about the symptoms, causes, treatments and outlook for nasal cancer, which affects the nasal cavity and sinuses.

NASAL POLYPS

Find out about nasal polyps, including symptoms, causes, treatments and when to see a GP.

NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER

Find out what nasopharyngeal cancer is, what the signs and symptoms are, what causes it, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

NECK PAIN

Find out about neck pain or a stiff neck, which is a common problem and generally nothing to worry about.

NECROTISING FASCIITIS

Find out about necrotising fasciitis, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and what causes it.

NEONATAL HERPES (HERPES IN A BABY)

Information on neonatal herpes (herpes in newborn babies), with links to other useful resources.

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME IN CHILDREN

Read about nephrotic syndrome, a condition that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine.

NEUROBLASTOMA

Find out what neuroblastoma is, what the symptoms are, how it’s diagnosed and how it’s treated.

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS

NHS information about neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) including symptoms, causes and treatments.

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOURS AND CARCINOID SYNDROME

Read about neuroendocrine tumours and their symptoms, known as carcinoid syndrome. Find out the causes, tests and treatments for neuroendocrine tumours and carcinoid syndrome.

NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition that causes tumours to grow along your nerves. The tumours are usually non-cancerous and so usually cause only mild symptoms.

NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 2

Neurofibromatosis is the name for a number of genetic conditions that cause tumours to grow along your nerves. Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a rarer form of the condition.

NEUROMYELITIS OPTICA

Read about neuromyelitis optica, a rare condition that affects the spinal cord and the nerves of the eyes (optic nerves). Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

NEWBORN JAUNDICE

Find out more about jaundice, a common and usually harmless condition in newborn babies that causes yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.

NEWBORN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Read more about newborn respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), a serious condition where a newborn baby’s lungs cannot provide their body with enough oxygen. It can be treated before or after birth.

NIGHT SWEATS

Find out about night sweats, including what they are and what might be causing them, and when to get medical help.

NIGHT TERRORS AND NIGHTMARES

Find out more about night terrors and nightmares, which mainly affect children but can also affect adults.

NIPPLE DISCHARGE

Find out about nipple discharge, including what can cause it and when to see a GP. It’s usually nothing serious, but it’s important to get it checked.

NOISE SENSITIVITY (HYPERACUSIS)

Find put about hyperacusis, an intolerance to sounds that are not an issue for most other people. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is an uncommon cancer that develops in the lymphatic system, which is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout your body.

NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by a build-up of fat in the liver. It often affects overweight or obese people. Although NAFLD doesn’t usually cause serious problems, you should take steps to stop it getting worse.

NON-ALLERGIC RHINITIS

Find out more about non-allergic rhinitis, including what the symptoms are, what you can do about it and when to get medical help.

NON-GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS

Read about urethritis, non-gonococcal urethritis and non-specific urethritis. Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra and is usually caused by an infection.

NON-MELANOMA SKIN CANCER

Find out about non-melanoma skin cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it, and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

NOONAN SYNDROME

Read about Noonan syndrome, which is a genetic disorder that causes a wide range of features, such as heart abnormalities and unusual facial features.

NOROVIRUS (VOMITING BUG)

Read all about norovirus, including how it’s spread, what the symptoms are, when to get medical advice and how to stop it spreading.

NOSEBLEED

Read about the causes of nosebleeds, how to treat them at home and when you should get medical advice.

OBESITY

Read about obesity and how it can seriously affect your health. Ways to lose weight safely include eating a healthy, reduced-calorie diet and exercising regularly.

OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)

Find out about the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), what causes it, where to get help, and what the main treatments are.

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNOEA

Read about obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), a condition where the walls of the throat relax during sleep and interrupt normal breathing.

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

Read about occupational therapy, which provides support to people whose health prevents them doing the activities that matter to them.

OESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA AND TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA

Oesophageal atresia is a rare birth defect that affects a baby’s oesophagus (the tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach).

OESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Find out about oesophageal cancer, including what the symptoms are, what causes it and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

ORAL THRUSH (MOUTH THRUSH)

Find out about oral thrush, including common symptoms and what to do if you or your child has it.

ORAL THRUSH IN BABIES

Read about oral thrush in babies and young children, a fungal infection in the mouth that’s usually harmless and easily treatable

ORF

Find out about orf, including what the symptoms are and when to get medical help.

ORTHODONTICS

Read about orthodontics, a type of dentistry that aims to improve the appearance, position and function of crooked, protruding or crowded teeth.

OSTEOARTHRITIS

Read about osteoarthritis, a condition that causes the joints to become painful and stiff. It’s the most common type of arthritis in the UK.

OSTEOMYELITIS

Find out about osteomyelitis, including who’s most at risk of getting it, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, and how it’s treated.

OSTEOPATHY

Osteopathy is a way of detecting, treating and preventing health problems by moving, stretching and massaging a person’s muscles and joints.

OSTEOPHYTE (BONE SPUR)

Find out about osteophytes (bone spurs), which are bony lumps that form near joints.

OSTEOPOROSIS

Find out about osteoporosis, a health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. There is also information on osteopenia, the stage of bone loss before osteoporosis, and how to stop it becoming osteoporosis.

OTOSCLEROSIS

Find out about otosclerosis, what the symptoms are, what to do if you think you have it, what the causes are, and what treatments are available.

OVARIAN CANCER

Read more about ovarian cancer, including symptoms, treatments and causes.

OVARIAN CYST

Read about an ovarian cyst, a fluid-filled sac that develops on a woman’s ovary. They’re very common and do not usually cause any symptoms

OVERACTIVE THYROID (HYPERTHYROIDISM)

Find out about overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism), including what the symptoms are, when to see a GP, how it’s treated and why it happens.

OVULATION PAIN

NHS information about ovulation pain, including symptoms, treatments and when to get help.

PET SCAN

Find out about positron emission tomography (PET) scans and how these three-dimensional images of the inside of the body can be used.

PIP BREAST IMPLANTS

Find out about faulty PIP breast implants, including why they are banned, and the latest safety information on removal and replacement.

PMS (PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME)

Read more about premenstrual syndrome (PMS), the symptoms women can experience before their period, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

PACEMAKER IMPLANTATION

Find out what a pacemaker is, how it works, why you might need it, and how it’s implanted.

PAGET’S DISEASE OF BONE

Find out about Paget’s disease of bone, a condition where the normal cycle of bone renewal and repair is disrupted.

PAGET’S DISEASE OF THE NIPPLE

Find out about Paget’s disease of the nipple (Paget’s disease of the breast). It’s a rare condition where eczema-like changes occur in the skin of the nipple and areola.

PAIN IN THE BALL OF THE FOOT (METATARSALGIA)

Metatarsalgia is the name for pain in the ball of the foot. Find out about the most common symptoms, causes and treatments for this condition.

PANCREAS TRANSPLANT

Find out about pancreas transplants, why they’re carried out, what they involve, and the potential risks.

PANCREATIC CANCER

Pancreatic cancer is a cancer that’s found anywhere in the pancreas.

PANIC DISORDER

Panic disorder is where you keep having panic attacks, often for no obvious reason. Includes symptoms, treatments and self-help tips.

PARACETAMOL

Find out who can take paracetamol, how to take it, what the possible side effects are and what to do if you take too much.

PARALYSIS

Find out about paralysis, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

Read about Parkinson’s disease, a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years.

PATAU’S SYNDROME

Find out about Patau’s syndrome, also known as trisomy 13, a serious genetic disorder where a baby has an extra copy of chromosome 13.

PEAK FLOW TEST

Peak flow is a simple measurement of how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs. Read about why and how it’s measured.

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive system, including the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is bulging of 1 or more of the pelvic organs into the vagina.

PELVIC PAIN

Find out about common causes of pelvic pain in adults, how you can ease pelvic pain and when you should get medical help.

PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS

Find out about pemphigus vulgaris, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and why it happens.

PENILE CANCER

Penile cancer affects the penis. It’s very rare and mostly affects men aged over 50 years old.

PENIS PROBLEMS

A visual guide to some penis problems including herpes, balanitis and genital warts

PERFORATED EARDRUM

NHS information about perforated eardrum, including symptoms, when to get medical help, treatments and causes.

PERICARDITIS

Find out about pericarditis, including symptoms, when to get help, treatment and causes.

PERIOD PAIN

Find out about period pain, including symptoms, causes, when to see a GP, diagnosing underlying conditions, and treatment.

PERIODS

Find out about periods, including when they usually start and finish, sanitary products, PMS, getting pregnant, and changes to your periods.

PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)

Read about peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a common condition in which a build-up of fatty deposits in the arteries restricts blood supply to leg muscles.

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY

Find out about peripheral neuropathy, a term for a group of conditions in which the peripheral nervous system is damaged.

PERITONITIS

Find out about peritonitis, which is inflammation of the thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of your abdomen (tummy), called the peritoneum.

PERSISTENT TROPHOBLASTIC DISEASE AND CHORIOCARCINOMA

Find out more about persistent trophoblastic disease and choriocarcinoma, part of a very rare group of tumours called gestational trophoblastic tumours (GTTs).

PERSONALITY DISORDER

NHS information about personality disorders, including the main symptoms and treatments.

PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Read about phaeochromocytoma, a rare tumour of the adrenal glands, which sit above the kidneys. They’re usually benign (non-cancerous), although some are cancerous.

PHENYLKETONURIA

Find out about phenylketonuria (PKU), a rare genetic condition that’s present from birth (congenital), where the body is unable to break down phenylalanine.

PHLEBITIS (SUPERFICIAL THROMBOPHLEBITIS)

Find out about phlebitis (superficial thrombophlebitis), including what the symptoms are, what causes it, when to get medical help and how it’s treated.

PHOBIAS

A phobia is an overwhelming fear of an object, place, situation, feeling or animal.

PHOSPHATE TEST

Find out when a phosphate test may be needed and what it’s used for.

PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (PDT)

Find out what photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves, when it’s used and the risks you should be aware of.

PHYSIOTHERAPY

Read about physiotherapy, including why it’s used, what it involves and how you can access it on the NHS or privately.

PILES (HAEMORRHOIDS)

Find out about piles (haemorrhoids), including what the symptoms are, how they’re treated and what causes them.

PILONIDAL SINUS

NHS information about pilonidal sinus, which is a small hole or tunnel in the skin at the top of your bottom. Find out what the symptoms are and when to see a GP.

PINS AND NEEDLES

Read about pins and needles (paraesthesia), a pricking, burning, tingling or numbing sensation that’s usually felt in the arms, legs, hands or feet.

PITYRIASIS ROSEA

Find out about pityriasis rosea, including what the symptoms are and what to do if it’s uncomfortable or itchy.

PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR

Find out about pityriasis versicolor (sometimes called tinea versicolor), including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and how you get it.

PLAGIOCEPHALY AND BRACHYCEPHALY (FLAT HEAD SYNDROME)

Find out about why some babies develop a slightly flattened head, what can be done about it, and how long it will take to improve.

PLANTAR FASCIITIS

Find out about plantar fasciitis, including the causes, the symptoms and how to ease them, when to get medical help and treatments from a specialist.

PLASTIC SURGERY

Read NHS information about plastic surgery, which is a type of surgery that repairs and reconstructs missing or damaged tissue and skin.

PLEURISY

Find out more about pleurisy, where inflammation around the lungs causes sharp chest pain.

PNEUMONIA

Find out about pneumonia, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, what the treatments are, what causes it and how to prevent it.

POISONING

Read about the signs and symptoms of poisoning and find out what to do if you think someone has been poisoned.

POLIO

Find out more about polio, including where it’s found, what the symptoms are and how to prevent it.

POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME

Read about polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition that affects how a woman’s ovaries work.

POLYCYTHAEMIA

Read about the symptoms and treatment of a blood disorder called polycythaemia, or erythrocytosis, which means having a high concentration of red blood cells in your blood.

POLYHYDRAMNIOS (TOO MUCH AMNIOTIC FLUID)

Find out about polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid), including symptoms, how it’s treated and what it means for your pregnancy and baby.

POLYMORPHIC LIGHT ERUPTION

Polymorphic light eruption is a fairly common skin rash triggered by exposure to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light. It lasts for up to 2 weeks, healing without scarring.

POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA

Find out about polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), a condition that causes pain, stiffness and inflammation in the muscles around the shoulders, neck and hips.

POMPHOLYX (DYSHIDROTIC ECZEMA)

Find out about pompholyx (also called dyshidrotic eczema), including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and what you can do to ease the symptoms.

POST-HERPETIC NEURALGIA

Read about post-herpetic neuralgia, which is persistent nerve pain at the site of a previous episode of shingles.

POST-MORTEM

A post-mortem, also known as an autopsy, is the examination of a body after death. The aim of a post-mortem is to determine the cause of death.

POST-POLIO SYNDROME

Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a poorly understood condition that can affect people who have had polio in the past. Polio is a viral infection that used to be common in the UK but is rare nowadays.

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD)

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events.

POSTMENOPAUSAL BLEEDING

Find out about postmenopausal bleeding, what could be causing it, when to get medical help and what treatments are available.

POSTNATAL DEPRESSION

Postnatal depression is a type of depression that many parents experience after having a baby. It’s a common problem, affecting more than 1 in every 10 women within a year of giving birth.

POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSIS

Information on postpartum psychosis (psychosis after childbirth), with links to other useful resources.

POSTURAL TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME (POTS)

Find out more about postural tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), where your heart rate increases very quickly after getting up from sitting or lying down.

POTASSIUM TEST

Find out why and when a potassium test may be needed.

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME

Find out about Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), which is a rare genetic condition that causes a wide range of physical symptoms, learning difficulties and behavioural challenges.

PRE-ECLAMPSIA

Pre-eclampsia is a condition that affects some pregnant women, usually during the second half of pregnancy (from around 20 weeks) or soon after their baby is delivered.

PREDICTIVE GENETIC TESTS FOR CANCER RISK GENES

Cancer is not usually inherited, but some types – mainly breast, ovarian, colorectal and prostate cancer – can be strongly influenced by genes and can run in families.

PRESSURE ULCERS (PRESSURE SORES)

Find out about pressure ulcers (pressure sores or bed sores), which are areas of damage to your skin and the tissue underneath.

PRIAPISM (PAINFUL ERECTIONS)

Read about priapism, a persistent, often painful erection. If it lasts for more than 3 to 4 hours, go to A&E to prevent permanent damage.

PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS)

Find out about primary biliary cholangitis (primary biliary cirrhosis), which is a type of long-term liver disease where the bile ducts in the liver become damaged.

PRIMARY BILIARY CHOLANGITIS (PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS)

Find out about primary biliary cholangitis (primary biliary cirrhosis), which is a type of long-term liver disease where the bile ducts in the liver become damaged.

PROBIOTICS

Probiotics are thought to help restore the natural balance of bacteria in your gut when it’s been disrupted by an illness or treatment. There’s some evidence that probiotics may be helpful in some cases, but there’s little evidence to support many health claims made about them.

PROBLEMS SWALLOWING PILLS

If you or someone you care for struggles to swallow pills, you should discuss it with a doctor or pharmacist.

PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurological condition that can cause problems with balance, movement, vision, speech and swallowing.

PROSOPAGNOSIA (FACE BLINDNESS)

Find out about prosopagnosia, a difficulty recognising people’s faces. Read about the symptoms, causes and things you can do to help live with it.

PROSTATE CANCER

Read more about prostate cancer, including symptoms and possible treatments.

PROSTATE PROBLEMS

Prostate problems are common in men, particularly in those over 50 years of age.

PROSTATITIS

Find out about prostatitis, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, what you can do to ease the symptoms, how it’s treated and causes.

PSORIASIS

Psoriasis is a skin condition that causes flaky patches of skin, which form silvery-white or grey scales.

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS

Find out about psoriatic arthritis, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, what causes it and when to get medical help.

PSYCHIATRY

Read about the difference between psychiatry and psychology, and find out about the conditions psychiatrists may treat, how to get an appointment, and what your appointments may involve.

PSYCHOSIS

Read about psychosis, a mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them.

PUBIC LICE

Find out about pubic lice, including what they look like, how you get them, symptoms, when to get medical advice, treatment and complications.

PUDENDAL NEURALGIA

Find out about pudendal neuralgia (nerve pain in the genitals, bottom, anus or pelvis), including what the symptoms are and how it’s diagnosed and treated.

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Read more about a pulmonary embolism, which is when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in your lungs. It can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.

PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the blood vessels that supply the lungs. It’s a serious condition that can damage the right side of the heart.

PYODERMA GANGRENOSUM

Find out about pyoderma gangrenosum, a rare skin condition that causes painful ulcers.

Q FEVER

Find out about Q fever, a bacterial infection that can be spread to humans by infected farm animals, its symptoms and what to do if you have it.

RABIES

Find out about rabies, including where it’s found, how you get it, how to avoid it and what the symptoms are.

RADIOTHERAPY

Find out about radiotherapy, including what it is, how it works, when it’s used, how it’s given and the possible side effects.

RASHES IN BABIES AND CHILDREN

NHS information on common rashes in babies and children, such as chickenpox, eczema, impetigo, ringworm, scabies, slapped cheek syndrome and more.

RAYNAUD’S

Find out about Raynaud’s phenomenon, a common condition that affects the blood supply to certain parts of the body, usually the fingers and toes.

REACTIVE ARTHRITIS

Reactive arthritis is a condition that causes inflammation (redness and swelling) in various places in the body.

RECTAL EXAMINATION

Find out about why a rectal examination is done and what it involves.

RED BLOOD CELL COUNT

Find out why you might need to have a red blood cell (RBC) count and what the results could indicate.

RED EYE

Find out when to get medical advice if you have a red eye, and read about the most common causes.

REFLUX IN BABIES

Find out about reflux, where a baby brings up milk during or soon after a feed.

REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY (RSI)

Find out about repetitive strain injury (RSI), including what the symptoms are, what causes it, what you can do to treat it and when to get medical help.

RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (RTIS)

Find out more about the different types of lower and upper respiratory tract infections (RTIs) (airway infections), how the infections spread and when you should see a GP.

RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME

Find out what restless legs syndrome (RLS) is, what causes it, and how it can be treated.

RESTRICTED GROWTH (DWARFISM)

Read more about restricted growth, sometimes known as dwarfism, a condition characterised by short stature.

RETINAL MIGRAINE

Find out about retinal migraine, a type of migraine that affects 1 eye, causing temporary vision loss and other eye symptoms.

RETINOBLASTOMA

Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer that can affect young children. It affects the retina, which is at the back of the eye.

RETT SYNDROME

Read about Rett syndrome, a rare genetic disorder that affects brain development and causes severe physical and mental disability from early childhood.

REYE’S SYNDROME

Find out about Reye’s syndrome, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and how to prevent it.

RHESUS DISEASE

Rhesus disease (haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn) is a condition where antibodies in a pregnant woman’s blood destroy her baby’s blood cells

RHEUMATIC FEVER

NHS information about rheumatic fever, including treatment, symptoms and causes.

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Read about rheumatoid arthritis, a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints.

RICKETS AND OSTEOMALACIA

Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes the bones to become soft and weak, which can lead to bone deformities.

RINGWORM

Find out about ringworm, including what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, how it’s treated, and how to stop it spreading.

ROOT CANAL TREATMENT

Find out about what happens in root canal treatment, including how it’s performed, how long it takes and how successful it is.

ROSACEA

Find out more about rosacea, a common long-term skin condition that mainly affects the face.

ROSEOLA

Find out about the childhood infection roseola, including what the symptoms are, how to treat it and when to get medical advice.

ROUNDWORM

Roundworms can infest the human digestive tract, specifically the small intestine. A roundworm infection is also sometimes known as ascariasis or acaris.

RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES)

Find out about rubella (german measles), including what the symptoms are, what to do if you get it and the risks of catching rubella while you’re pregnant.

SARS (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME)

Read about severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), a highly contagious, serious and potentially life-threatening form of pneumonia.

SALIVARY GLAND STONES

Read about salivary gland stones (calculi), which are small stones that can form in your mouth. Find out how to try to remove them and when to get medical help.

SARCOIDOSIS

Sarcoidosis is a rare condition that causes small patches of swollen tissue, called granulomas, to develop in the organs of the body.

SCABIES

Find out about scabies, including symptoms, causes and treatments.

SCARLET FEVER

Find out about scarlet fever, including the symptoms, what to do if you or your child has it, how it’s treated, how long it lasts and how it’s spread.

SCARS

Find out about scars, including types of scars, things you can do to improve how a scar looks, and treatments that may be recommended if a scar is severe.

SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIA)

Read about schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, an infection caused by a parasitic worm that lives in fresh water in subtropical and tropical regions.

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Read about schizophrenia, a long-term mental health condition where you may see, hear or believe things that are not real.

SCIATICA

Read about sciatica, which is pain caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve. Find out about the symptoms, what you can do to ease the pain, and when to get medical help.

SCLERODERMA

Read about scleroderma, including the different types, symptoms, causes and treatments.

SCOLIOSIS

Find out what scoliosis is, why it happens and how it’s treated.

SCURVY

Read about scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency caused by not eating foods (fruit and vegetables) rich in vitamin C over a long period of time.

SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)

Read about seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a type of depression that recurs on a seasonal basis. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

SELECTIVE MUTISM

Find out about selective mutism, a severe anxiety disorder that prevents people from speaking in certain social situations.

SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS)

Find out about selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including how they work, what they’re used for, how long you need to take them for and the potential side effects.

SELF-HARM

Self-harm is when somebody intentionally damages or injures their body. Support is available for anyone who self-harms or thinks about self-harm, as well as their friends and family.

SEPSIS

NHS information about the symptoms of sepsis in children and adults, and where and when to get help.

SEPTIC ARTHRITIS

Read about septic arthritis, which is a serious type of joint infection that should be treated straight away.

SEPTIC SHOCK

Find out what septic shock is, what the symptoms are, and how it’s treated.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS)

Find out more about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including possible symptoms, common types of STI and when to go to a sexual health clinic.

SHIN SPLINTS

Find out what shin splints are, how they happen, and what you can do about them.

SHINGLES

Find out about shingles, including symptoms and what to do if you think you have it.

SHORT-SIGHTEDNESS (MYOPIA)

Find out more about short-sightedness (myopia), including the signs and how it’s usually treated with glasses or contact lenses.

SHORTNESS OF BREATH

NHS information about shortness of breath, or breathlessness, including when to get medical help and what the cause might be.

SHOULDER IMPINGEMENT

Shoulder impingement is a common cause of shoulder pain. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments for it.

SHOULDER PAIN

Find out how you can relieve shoulder pain, what can cause it and when to get medical advice.

SICK BUILDING SYNDROME

Find out about sick building syndrome (SBS), including symptoms, things you can do to ease symptoms and possible causes.

SICKLE CELL DISEASE

Find out about sickle cell disease, a serious inherited blood disorder where the red blood cells develop abnormally. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

SILICOSIS

Find out about silicosis, a long-term lung disease caused by inhaling large amounts of crystalline silica dust, usually over many years.

SINUSITIS (SINUS INFECTION)

Find out about sinusitis, including the symptoms, how to treat it yourself, how a pharmacist can help, when to see a GP and the treatments they may recommend.

SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME

Read about Sjögren’s syndrome, which affects parts of the body that produce fluids, like tears and spit (saliva). Find out what the symptoms are, what causes it, how it’s treated and advice about living with it.

SKIN ABSCESS

Find out about skin abscesses, including how they look and feel, what treatment you may need, and what causes them.

SKIN CYST

Find out about skin cysts, which are round, fluid-filled lumps under the skin. Read about the symptoms, treatments, types and causes.

SKIN PICKING DISORDER

Also called dermatillomania or excoriation disorder, skin picking disorder is where you can’t stop picking at your skin. There are things you can try to help yourself, but some people may need professional treatment.

SKIN TAGS

Find out about skin tags, including what they look like, when and where to get medical help and how they’re treated.

SLAPPED CHEEK SYNDROME

Find out about slapped cheek syndrome (also called fifth disease), including symptoms and how to treat it.

SLEEP APNOEA

Find out about sleep apnoea, which is when your breathing stops and starts while you sleep.

SLEEP PARALYSIS

Find out about sleep paralysis, a temporary inability to move or speak that happens when you’re waking up or falling asleep.

SLEEPWALKING

Read about sleepwalking, including why it might happen, what you can do about it and when to get medical advice.

SLIPPED DISC

Find out about slipped disc, including what it is, what causes it, how it’s diagnosed and treated, plus how to prevent it.

SMALL BOWEL TRANSPLANT

Read about a small bowel (intestinal) transplant, an operation to replace a diseased or shortened small bowel with a healthy bowel from a donor.

SMELLING THINGS THAT AREN’T THERE (PHANTOSMIA)

Information on phantosmia – the medical term for an imaginary odour or phantom smell – with links to other useful resources.

SMELLY FEET

Find out what usually causes smelly feet and ways to treat them yourself.

SMELLY URINE

Find out about smelly urine, which on its own is not usually a cause for concern. Find out what can cause smelly pee and how to keep it clear and smelling mild.

SNAKE BITES

Find out about what to do if you or someone you know is bitten by a snake.

SNORING

Find out what you can do if you snore, why it happens, when to get medical help and what treatments can help.

SOCIAL ANXIETY (SOCIAL PHOBIA)

Find out about social anxiety (social phobia), including the symptoms, getting treatment and what you can do yourself to help overcome it.

SOCIAL CARE AND SUPPORT GUIDE

If you or someone you know needs help with day-to-day living because of illness or disability, this website explains your options and where you can get support.

SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA

Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in soft tissue, such as muscle and fat.

SOFT TISSUE SARCOMAS-OLD

Find out what soft tissue sarcomas are, what symptoms they can cause and how they’re treated.

SOILING (CHILD POOING THEIR PANTS)

Read about soiling, which is when a child regularly poos their pants. Find out why it happens and what to do about it.

SORE OR DRY LIPS

Find out how to look after your lips when they’re exposed to the sun, wind and cold.

SORE OR WHITE TONGUE

Find out how to treat a sore or white tongue and read about the possible causes such as geographic tongue, oral thrush and mouth ulcers.

SORE THROAT

Find out what can cause a sore throat, how you can soothe it and when to get medical advice.

SPINA BIFIDA

Read about spina bifida, which is a condition where an unborn baby’s spine and spinal cord does not develop properly.

SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY

Read about spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a condition that makes the muscles weaker and causes problems with movement that get worse over time.

SPIROMETRY

Read about what a spirometry test involves and why it’s carried out.

SPLEEN PROBLEMS AND SPLEEN REMOVAL

Find out NHS information on spleen problems, splenectomy and living without a spleen.

SPONDYLOLISTHESIS

Find out about spondylolisthesis, where a bone in the spine (vertebra) slips out of position, including what the symptoms are and how it’s treated.

SPORTS INJURIES

Information about sports injuries, including possible causes, what to do if you get injured, plus treatment and prevention advice.

SPRAINS AND STRAINS

Sprains and strains are common injuries affecting the muscles and ligaments. Most can be treated at home without seeing a GP.

SQUINT

Find out what causes a squint and how it’s treated. Also, read about the signs to look for in your child and when to see a doctor.

STAMMERING

Stammering, or stuttering, affects speech and is relatively common in childhood. It can also persist into adulthood.

STAPH INFECTION

Read about some of the main types of Staphylococcal infections, including how they’re spread and how they’re treated.

STATINS

Read about statins – medicines that lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood. Find out why you may be offered them, how they’re taken, and the possible side effects.

STEM CELL AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTS

Read about stem cell or bone marrow transplants, including why they’re used, what’s involved, and what the potential risks are.

STEROID INHALERS

Find out about steroid inhalers, including why they’re used, who can use them, and what side effects they can cause.

STEROID INJECTIONS

Steroid injections, also called corticosteroid injections, are anti-inflammatory medicines used to treat a range of conditions. They can be used to treat problems such as joint pain, arthritis, sciatica and inflammatory bowel disease.

STEROID NASAL SPRAYS

Find out about steroid nasal sprays, including why they’re used, how to use them and possible side effects.

STEROID TABLETS

Steroid tablets, also called corticosteroid tablets, are a type of anti-inflammatory medicine used to treat a range of conditions.

STEROIDS

Find out what steroids (corticosteroids) are, when they’re used, how they work, and what different types are available.

STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME

Find out about Stevens-Johnson syndrome, including what causes it, what the symptoms are and when to get medical help.

STILLBIRTH

Read about stillbirth, which is where a baby is born dead after 24 completed weeks of pregnancy. Find out the causes of stillbirth and how to reduce the risk.

STOMACH ACHE

Read about a stomach ache and abdominal pains, including stomach cramps or an ache in the tummy (abdomen).

STOMACH CANCER

Find out more about stomach cancer, including the symptoms, causes, tests, treatments and where to get help and support.

STOMACH ULCER

Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. Read about the possible symptoms, causes, treatments and complications.

STOP SMOKING TREATMENTS

Find out about the medicines that can help if you want to stop smoking, including nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion (Zyban).

STOPPED OR MISSED PERIODS

Read about the causes of stopped periods and when to seek medical help.

STREP A

Find out about strep A infections, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how mild and severe strep A infections are treated.

STRETCH MARKS

Find out about stretch marks, including where, when and how you get them, what causes them, and how they can be treated and prevented.

STROKE

Read about strokes, a serious and life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.

STYE

Find out about styes, including what causes them, what you can do to treat them and when to see a GP.

SUBARACHNOID HAEMORRHAGE

A subarachnoid haemorrhage is an uncommon type of stroke caused by bleeding on the surface of the brain. It’s a very serious condition and can be fatal.

SUBDURAL HAEMATOMA

Read about subdural haematoma, a serious condition where blood collects between the skull and the surface of the brain. Find out why it happens, what the symptoms are, and how it’s treated.

SUDDEN CONFUSION (DELIRIUM)

NHS information about sudden confusion (delirium), including how to tell if someone is confused and when to get medical help.

SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) – sometimes known as ‘cot death’ – is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby.

SUNBURN

Find out about sunburn, including what you can do to treat it yourself and when to get medical help.

SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (SVT)

Read more about supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a condition where your heart suddenly beats much faster than normal. SVT is not usually serious but some people may need treatment.

SWINE FLU (H1N1)

Find out about the history of swine flu (H1N1) and what the current situation is.

SWOLLEN ANKLES, FEET AND LEGS (OEDEMA)

Find out about swelling in the ankles, feet and legs (oedema), including what it looks like, common causes and what to do about it.

SWOLLEN ARMS AND HANDS (OEDEMA)

Find out about the causes of swollen arms and hands, what to do about it and when to get help.

SWOLLEN GLANDS

Read about swollen lymph glands, which are usually a sign of infection. Find out what the symptoms are, how to ease them and when to get medical help.

SYPHILIS

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Find out what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help and how it’s treated.

TENS (TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION)

Read about transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), a method of pain relief that involves the use of a mild electrical current.

TAILBONE (COCCYX) PAIN

Find out about tailbone (coccyx) pain, including how to ease the pain yourself and when to get medical help. Read about symptoms, causes and treatments.

TAPEWORMS

Find out about tapeworms, including the symptoms, cause, how you get them, and how to get rid of them.

TAY-SACHS DISEASE

Tay-Sachs disease is a very rare and usually fatal genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nervous system.

TEETH GRINDING (BRUXISM)

Read about teeth grinding (bruxism). Find out what causes it, what the associated symptoms are, when to get medical help and how it can be treated.

TEETH WHITENING

Find out about teeth whitening including who can perform it, what the procedure involves and what the risks are.

TEMPORAL ARTERITIS

Find out about temporal arteritis (giant cell arteritis), a condition when arteries become inflamed. It’s a serious condition that needs urgent treatment.

TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER (TMD)

Read more about temporomandibular disorder (TMD), which is a problem affecting the chewing muscles and the joints between the lower jaw and the base of the skull.

TENDONITIS

Find out more about tendonitis, where a tendon becomes swollen. It can cause joint pain and stiffness.

TENNIS ELBOW

Find out what can cause tennis elbow, how to treat it and if there is anything that you can do to stop it from happening.

TENSION HEADACHES

NHS information and advice about tension headaches. Find out about symptoms, causes, treatments, prevention and when to get medical help.

TESTICLE LUMPS AND SWELLINGS

Find out about lumps and swellings in the testicles, including what can cause them and when to get medical advice.

TESTICLE PAIN

Find out about causes of pain in testicles (balls) and when and where to get medical help.

TESTICULAR CANCER

Testicular cancer is cancer that’s found in the testicles.

TETANUS

Find out about tetanus, including how you get it, what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, how it’s treated and the tetanus vaccination.

THALASSAEMIA

Read about thalassaemia, a group of blood disorders that affect a substance called haemoglobin. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

THE ‘MALE MENOPAUSE’

Read about “male menopause”, where some men develop depression, loss of sex drive, erectile dysfunction and other physical and emotional symptoms when they reach their late 40s to early 50s.

THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME

Find out about thoracic outlet syndrome, where nerves or blood vessels near the top of the ribs get squashed. It’s often linked to having an extra rib (cervical rib).

THREADWORMS

Read about threadworms (pinworms), which are tiny worms in your poo. They’re common in children and spread easily. You can treat them without seeing a GP.

THROMBOPHILIA

Thrombophilia is a condition that increases your risk of blood clots. It’s usually treated with anticoagulant medicines.

THRUSH IN MEN AND WOMEN

Find out more about thrush (yeast infection), including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated, why it happens and how to help prevent it.

THYROID CANCER

Thyroid cancer is cancer that’s found in the thyroid gland. It’s quite rare in the UK.

THYROIDITIS

Read more about thyroiditis (swelling of the thyroid gland), which can either cause unusually low or high levels of thyroid hormones in the blood.

TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS (TBE)

Find out about tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), a viral infection spread to humans by the bite of a small spider-like parasite called a tick.

TICS

Tics are unintentional, fast and repetitive muscle movements. Find out how long they last, when to get medical advice and how they can be treated.

TIGHT FORESKIN (PHIMOSIS)

Find out about tight foreskin (phimosis), including what you can do to ease a tight foreskin and when to get medical help.

TINNITUS

Find out about tinnitus (hearing ringing or buzzing), including what you can do to help you cope with it and when to get medical help.

TIREDNESS AND FATIGUE

Find out about some of the common causes of tiredness and fatigue, treatments and things you can do to help, plus when to get medical advice.

TONGUE-TIE

Find out about tongue-tie, including symptoms and treatments.

TONSILLITIS

Find out about tonsillitis, which is when the tonsils at the sides of your throat become swollen due to a viral or bacterial infection. Find out about causes and treatments.

TOOTH DECAY

Find out about tooth decay, including the symptoms, when to see a dentist, how it’s treated and how it can be prevented.

TOOTHACHE

Read about the causes of toothache, when to see a dentist, and how toothache can be relieved and prevented.

TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROIDS

Topical corticosteroids (steroids) are medicines that are applied directly to the skin to reduce inflammation and irritation.

TOTAL IRON-BINDING CAPACITY (TIBC) AND TRANSFERRIN TEST

Find out what a total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) or transferrin test measures and what high and low TIBC levels may indicate.

TOTAL PROTEIN TEST

Find out about the health conditions a total protein test can help diagnose.

TOURETTE’S SYNDROME

Find out about Tourette’s syndrome, a condition that causes a person to make involuntary sounds and movements called tics. Read about the symptoms and causes, plus find out how it’s diagnosed and treated.

TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

Find out about toxic shock syndrome (TSS), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help and how it is treated.

TOXOCARIASIS

Find out about toxocariasis, including how you get it, whether it’s serious, when to get medical help and how to reduce your risk of getting it.

TOXOPLASMOSIS

Read about toxoplasmosis, a parasite infection that can be dangerous, especially for pregnant women and people with a weakened immune system.

TRACHEOSTOMY

NHS information about a tracheostomy, including what it is, when it’s used, how it’s carried out, and the possible risks and complications.

TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK (TIA)

Find out about transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or “mini stroke”, including what causes it, the symptoms, how it’s diagnosed, and when to seek medical advice.

TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE (TURP)

Read about transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), a surgical procedure used to cut away a section of the prostate gland if it’s causing problems with peeing.

TRAVEL VACCINATIONS

If you’re planning to travel outside the UK, you may need to be vaccinated against some of the serious diseases found in other parts of the world.

TREMOR OR SHAKING HANDS

Read about having a tremor, which is when you’re not able to control shaking or trembling in part of your body, or shaking hands.

TRICHOMONIASIS

Read about trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis (TV).

TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR PULLING DISORDER)

Trichotillomania is when someone cannot resist the urge to pull out their hair.

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA

Find out about trigeminal neuralgia, which is sudden, severe facial pain, often described as sharp, shooting or like an electric shock.

TRIGGER FINGER

Trigger finger is a condition that affects 1 or more of the hand’s tendons, making it difficult to bend the affected finger or thumb.

TRIMETHYLAMINURIA (‘FISH ODOUR SYNDROME’)

Read more about trimethylaminuria which is an uncommon genetic disorder that causes a strong body odour, usually described as like rotting fish, poo or rubbish.

TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

NHS information about tuberculosis (TB), including symptoms, when to get medical help, treatments and causes.

TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS

Tuberous sclerosis, also known as tuberous sclerosis complex, is a rare genetic condition that causes mainly non-cancerous (benign) tumours to develop in different parts of the body.

TURNER SYNDROME

Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that only affects females. It causes a wide range of symptoms and some distinctive characteristics.

TWITCHING EYES AND MUSCLES

NHS information about common causes of twitches in your eyes or muscles and advice about what to do.

TYPE 1 DIABETES

Get NHS advice about type 1 diabetes, including symptoms and getting diagnosed, managing insulin, blood glucose levels and carbohydrates, and living with type 1 diabetes.

TYPE 2 DIABETES

Read about type 2 diabetes, a condition that causes a person’s blood sugar level to become too high.

TYPHOID FEVER

Find out about typhoid fever, what causes it, how it’s treated and what you can do to protect yourself if you’re travelling to a high-risk area.

TYPHUS

Find out about typhus, including how you get it, how to avoid getting it, what the symptoms are, where to get medical help, and how it’s treated.

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Find out about ulcerative colitis, a long-term (chronic) condition where the colon and rectum (large intestine or large bowel) become inflamed.

ULTRASOUND SCAN

An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body.

UMBILICAL HERNIA REPAIR

A hernia is where an internal part of the body pushes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding tissue wall. Umbilical hernias are in or near the belly button (navel).

UNDERACTIVE THYROID (HYPOTHYROIDISM)

Read about an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), which is when your thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones.

UNDESCENDED TESTICLES

Undescended testicles are a common childhood condition where a boy’s testicles are not in their usual place in the scrotum. It’s estimated that about 1 in every 25 boys are born with undescended testicles.

UNINTENTIONAL WEIGHT LOSS

Find out what can cause unintentional weight loss and when to get medical help.

URETHRITIS

Urethritis is when the tube that carries pee out of the body (urethra) becomes inflamed and makes peeing painful. Find out about its symptoms, causes and treatment.

URINARY CATHETER

Read about a urinary catheter, which is a flexible tube used to empty the bladder and collect urine in a drainage bag.

URINARY INCONTINENCE

Read about urinary incontinence, which is the unintentional passing of urine. It’s a common problem that’s thought to affect millions of people worldwide.

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTIS)

Find out about urinary tract infections (UTIs), including what the symptoms are, when to get medical advice, how they’re treated and what a chronic UTI is.

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN

Read about urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, which are fairly common, but not usually serious. They can be effectively treated with antibiotics.

URINE ALBUMIN TO CREATININE RATIO (ACR)

Find out when your urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) should\r\nbe measured. ACR values can help identify kidney disease that occurs as a complication of diabetes.

UVEITIS

Find out about an inflammation in your eye called uveitis, including symptoms, what causes it, when to get help and how it’s treated.

VACCINATIONS

Find out which vaccinations are offered on the NHS, what age you should ideally have them, and why they are safe and important.

VAGINA PROBLEMS

A visual guide to vagina problems, including discharge, lice and herpes

VAGINAL CANCER

Read about vaginal cancer, a rare type of cancer usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Find out about treatments and how to prevent it.

VAGINAL DISCHARGE

Find out about vaginal discharge, including what’s normal, signs of a problem, what can cause unusual discharge and when to get medical advice.

VAGINAL DRYNESS

Read about vaginal dryness, including why it happens and what can be done about it.

VAGINISMUS

Find out about vaginismus, which is when the vagina suddenly tightens up when you try to put something into it. Find out about possible causes and treatments.

VAGINITIS

Find out about vaginitis, including information about symptoms, when to see a GP, causes and treatment.

VARICOSE ECZEMA

Read about varicose eczema, a long-term skin condition that affects the lower legs and is common in people with varicose veins

VARICOSE VEINS

Read about varicose veins, which are swollen and enlarged veins that are usually blue or dark purple. They may also be lumpy, bulging or twisted in appearance.

VASCULAR DEMENTIA

Find out about vascular dementia, including what the symptoms are, how it’s treated and what the outlook is.

VASCULITIS

Find out about the main types of vasculitis, with links to more information.

VENOUS LEG ULCER

A leg ulcer is a long-lasting (chronic) sore on your leg or foot that takes more than 2 weeks to heal.

VERTIGO

Vertigo is a symptom, rather than a condition in itself. It’s the feeling that you, or the environment around you, is moving or spinning.

VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS

Vestibular neuronitis, or neuritis, is an infection of the vestibular nerve in the inner ear. It causes the vestibular nerve to become inflamed, disrupting your sense of balance.

VITAMIN B12 OR FOLATE DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA

Read about vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anaemia, which occurs when a lack of vitamin B12 or folate causes the body to produce abnormally large red blood cells.

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Find out about common vitamins and minerals, including what they do, how much you need, and how to ensure you get enough.

VITILIGO

Find out about vitiligo, which is a long-term condition that causes pale, white patches to develop on the skin.

VOMITING BLOOD

Find out what can cause vomiting blood and when it might be a medical emergency.

VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE

Find out about von Willebrand disease, including what the symptoms are, when and where to get medical help, the causes and how it’s treated.

VULVAL CANCER

Read more about the symptoms, causes and treatments of vulval cancer, which is a rare type of cancer that affects women.

VULVODYNIA (VULVAL PAIN)

Find out about vulvodynia, including what the symptoms are, when to get medical help, plus treatments and things you can do to help ease the pain.

WARTS AND VERRUCAS

Warts and verrucas are small lumps on the skin. Find out what causes them, how they’re treated and when to get medical help.

WATERING EYES

Find out about watering eyes, which can happen if too many tears are produced, or they cannot drain away properly.

WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY

Find out what weight loss surgery is, the different types of surgery available and what they involve, and what recovery is like from surgery.

WEST NILE VIRUS

Read about West Nile virus (WNV), a virus spread by mosquitoes that is found in many countries around the world.

WHAT TO DO IF SOMEONE HAS A SEIZURE (FIT)

Find out what you can do to help if you see someone having a seizure or fit.

WHIPLASH

Find out about whiplash, how it happens, what the symptoms are and how it can be treated.

WHOOPING COUGH

Find out about whooping cough, including the symptoms, who’s at risk, when to get medical advice, how it’s treated and the whooping cough vaccine.

WISDOM TOOTH REMOVAL

The removal of wisdom teeth, or third molars, is one of the most common procedures carried out in the UK.

WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME

Find out about Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, a heart condition that can cause the heart to beat abnormally fast. Find out about the symptoms, causes and treatments.

WOMB (UTERUS) CANCER

Womb cancer affects the womb. Get information and advice about symptoms, causes and treatments.

WORMS IN HUMANS

Find out about worm infections in humans, including what different types of worms look like, when to get medical help, and how to treat and prevent infections.

X-RAY

Read about how X-rays work, why they’re used, what happens before, during and after an X-ray, and what the risks are.

YELLOW FEVER

Find out about yellow fever, including where it’s found, what the symptoms are, and how it can be prevented by having the yellow fever vaccine.

YOUR CONTRACEPTION GUIDE

Find out about the different methods of contraception (to prevent pregnancy) available on the NHS, plus where to get them and how to decide which method suits you. Including emergency contraception (the morning after pill, and IUD).

YOUR GUIDE TO COSMETIC PROCEDURES

Your NHS Choices guide to cosmetic surgery and non-surgical cosmetic procedures. It includes information on risks, what to expect and what to do if something goes wrong, with links to other useful resources.

YOUR PREGNANCY AND BABY GUIDE

All you need to know about pregnancy, birth and looking after a baby, including trying to get pregnant, foods to avoid, antenatal care, breastfeeding and bottle feeding.

ZIKA VIRUS

Find out more about Zika virus, including where it’s found, how you catch it and what the symptoms are.